Unique nontransitive measurement on finite sets

Two themes in the theory of measurement that have been studied extensively in the past few years are numerical representations of nontransitive binary comparison structures and uniqueness in finite measurement systems. This paper brings the two together by exploring the solutions to a nontransitive, additive model that are unique up to multiplication by a positive constant. The model relates to various contexts including decision under risk, evaluation of objectives, comparative probability, and voting theory. The family of unique solutions for the model is shown to be extremely rich and varied.     

The likelihood ratio test for homogeneity in finite mixture models

The authors study the asymptotic behaviour of the likelihood ratio statistic for testing homogeneity in the finite mixture models of a general parametric distribution family. They prove that the limiting distribution of this statistic is the squared supremum of a truncated standard Gaussian process. The autocorrelation function of the Gaussian process is explicitly presented. A re‐sampling procedure is recommended to obtain the asymptotic p‐value. Three kernel functions, normal, binomial and Poisson, are used in a simulation study which illustrates the procedure.     

发展个体私营经济的思考

社会主义初级阶段论的提出与确立，社会主义市场经济论特别是所有制改革理论的形成与发展，为我国发展私营经济提供了可靠的理论依据，从实践标准看，发展个体私营经济符合“三个有利于”标准，能够增强国家的凝聚力。目前，要发展我国个体私营经济的关键是采取正确的政策取向，应促进个体私营企业数量上的发展和质量上的提高，调整产业政策促进个体私营企业生产经营水平的提高，还要加强对个体私营企业的各项行政法规管理     

A Class of Convolution‐Based Models for Spatio‐Temporal Processes with Non‐Separable Covariance Structure

Abstract. In this article, we propose a new parametric family of models for real‐valued spatio‐temporal stochastic processes S ( x , t ) and show how low‐rank approximations can be used to overcome the computational problems that arise in fitting the proposed class of models to large datasets. Separable covariance models, in which the spatio‐temporal covariance function of S ( x , t ) factorizes into a product of purely spatial and purely temporal functions, are often used as a convenient working assumption but are too inflexible to cover the range of covariance structures encountered in applications. We define positive and negative non‐separability and show that in our proposed family we can capture positive, zero and negative non‐separability by varying the value of a single parameter.     

Transformation and Smoothing in Sample Survey Data

Abstract. We consider model‐based prediction of a finite population total when a monotone transformation of the survey variable makes it appropriate to assume additive, homoscedastic errors. As the transformation to achieve this does not necessarily simultaneously produce an easily parameterized mean function, we assume only that the mean is a smooth function of the auxiliary variable and estimate it non‐parametrically. The back transformation of predictions obtained on the transformed scale introduces bias which we remove using smearing. We obtain an asymptotic expansion for the prediction error which shows that prediction bias is asymptotically negligible and the prediction mean‐squared error (MSE) using a non‐parametric model remains in the same order as when a parametric model is adopted. The expansion also shows the effect of smearing on the prediction MSE and can be used to compute the asymptotic prediction MSE. We propose a model‐based bootstrap estimate of the prediction MSE. The predictor produces competitive results in terms of bias and prediction MSE in a simulation study, and performs well on a population constructed from an Australian farm survey.     

论《墨子》的政治辩证法思想

《墨子》政治辩证法思想的主要内容 ,一是运用“爱民”和“明罚”统治手段实现民众与统治者一致的思想 ;二是下同于上与上同于下相统一的“尚同”思想 ,以及谏臣可以“长生保国”的思想 ;三是“利之中取大 ,害之中取小”的政治决策思想 ;四是“安危治乱 ,在上之发政”、“强必治”等发挥主观能动作用的思想 ;五是“官无常贵而民无终贱”的政治地位转化的思想。《墨子》政治辩证法思想与“得之下情则治”及“非命”的唯物主义思想倾向直接相关。     

关于公益林生态效益价值补偿若干问题的探讨

公益林为社会提供了巨大的生态效益，其价值取得不到应有的补偿，从而妨碍了自身的持续发展。本文从分析流溪河林场水源涵养林的生态效益与经济效益出发，指出建立公益林生态效益价值补偿机制的必要性，讨论了其补偿原则和补偿量计算方法，并提出了实现补偿的一些设想。     

一类地下水水质污染问题广义解的唯一性及对初值和自由项的连续依赖性

本文讨论了一类地下水水质污染问题，其数学模型为一组非线性双曲—抛物耦合方程组，并证明了在相应初边值条件下广义解的唯一性及对初值和自由项的连续依赖性．     

喧嚣世纪的启明星－－西方马克思主义文论的文本意识形态辨析

西方马克思主义文论家在阐述文本意识形态与现实意识形态关系的基础上，更突出强调“文本意识形态”的不在场化。它隐藏在文本的形式当中，通过形式的变化，达到超越现实、揭示现实的目的、同时也暗示出一个理想的未来。面欣赏者在阅读文本的过程中，在对形式的透彻领悟中，受到深刻的审美教育，进而回到“诗意”的生存状态。     

A strong law of large number for negatively dependent and non identical distributed random variables in the framework of sublinear expectation

Abstract

In this article, in the framework of sublinear expectation initiated by Peng, we derive a strong law of large numbers (SLLN) for negatively dependent and non identical distributed random variables. This result includes and extends some existing results. Furthermore, we give two examples of our result for applications.