中国现代文学的审美现代性探寻--以京派作家沈从文、废名的小说创作为个案

京派作家的审美现代性首先表现于文学观念上,他们均把美作为文学的中心.在小说创作中,沈从文侧重于对现代文明乃至启蒙理性的反思和批判,废名则执着于审美乌托邦的建构.京派作家对审美现代性的自觉追求为中国现代小说的多元化发展做出了自己独特的贡献.     

从词类范畴化理论看“副词＋名词”结构

不少学者对汉语中所谓的“副词＋名词”结构从各方面进行了研究，但是无一质疑该结构中心词的词类判断。对刘正光等人提出的观点提出质疑，认为：汉语词类的判断不能依赖于直觉或语义，而应在使用大型汉语语料库的基础上，依据词的语法功能来确定；词类范畴化是动态的过程，包括去范畴化和再范畴化，再范畴化是去范畴化的最终结果；对于“副词＋名词”结构中发生的词类去范畴化，语法转喻是其内在运作机制。     

论价值语言

价值词不是恒常的;价值词有特定含义。价值判断是关于价值的判断而不是关于事实的判断,不同于事实判断;价值判断是判断,而不是指令,价值判断不是价值指令。价值判断与事实判断都遵循逻辑规则,所以“混合式”三段论的价值推理是可能的,结论是价值判断,前提中必须有一个价值判断。价值语言与事实语言有难以割舍的联系:事实语言带有价值倾向,价值语言也包含事实的内容。     

Expert Judgment-Based Risk Assessment Using Statistical Scenario Analysis: A Case Study—Running the Bulls in Pamplona (Spain)

In this article, we present a methodology to assess the risk incurred by a participant in an activity involving danger of injury. The lack of high-quality historical data for the case considered prevented us from constructing a sufficiently detailed statistical model. It was therefore decided to generate a risk assessment model based on expert judgment. The methodology is illustrated in a real case context: the assessment of risk to participants in a San Fermin bull-run in Pamplona (Spain). The members of the panel of "experts on the bull-run" represented very different perspectives on the phenomenon: runners, surgeons and other health care personnel, journalists, civil defense workers, security staff, organizers, herdsmen, authors of books on the bull-run, etc. We consulted 55 experts. Our methodology includes the design of a survey instrument to elicit the experts' views and the statistical and mathematical procedures used to aggregate their subjective opinions.     

论《幽兰草》的创作、结集时间以及价值定位

明刻本《幽兰草》标志着云间词派的确立,是研究该词派早期创作和理论主张的第一手资料,具有极高的文献价值.从"云间三子"的交往活动和文本两方面来考察,《幽兰草》的大致创作时间是在明崇祯七年至十年之间,约结集于崇祯十年."云间三子"创作《幽兰草》时,在词学观上有着某种共识,并自觉地用相对统一的标准去实践这种共识.从题材、语象的选择,到以小令为主的体式运用,以及蕴涵于作品中的内在情思和意蕴,都体现了"云间三子"对南唐、北宋婉约词派的认同和回归,其矫正明词异化的作用是显而易见的,它是结束明词颓势、使词重新回到本体轨道上来的一个闪亮起点.     

论实践推理中的非理性悖论

戴维森提出的“非理性悖论”揭示了非理性论证在实践推理中的两难困境。但问题的关键在于采取不同的判断理性的标准。从中国哲学的观点看,理性的准则是以“理”为核心,“合理”(to be rational)即“有理”(to be reasonable)。此“理”表面上表现为普遍之“义理”,但实质上却是服从于某种具体的道德规范。据此,在中国哲学中,实践推理中的非理性演变为“无理”(non-ra-tional)或“不讲理”(unreasonable)。通过对比分析戴维森和中国哲学对非理性的认识,可知两者在“认知判断”和“价值判断”上的不同取舍。     

Expert Scientific Judgment and Cancer Risk Assessment: A Pilot Study of Pharmacokinetic Data

When high-dose tumor data are extrapolated to low doses, it is typically assumed that the dose of a carcinogen delivered to target cells is proportional to the dose administered to test animals, even at exposure levels below the experimental range. Since pharmacokinetic data are becoming available that in some cases question the validity of this assumption, risk assessors must decide whether to maintain the standard assumption. A pilot study of formaldehyde is reported that was undertaken to demonstrate how expert scientific judgment can help guide a controversial risk assessment where pharmacokinetic data are considered inconclusive. Eight experts on pharmacokinetic data were selected by a formal procedure, and each was interviewed personally using a structured interview protocol. The results suggest that expert scientific opinion is polarized in this case, a situation that risk assessors can respond to with a range of risk characterizations considered biologically plausible by the experts. Convergence of expert opinion is likely in this case of several specific research strategies ar executed in a competent fashion. Elicitation of expert scientific judgment is a promising vehicle for evaluating the quality of pharmacokinetic data, expressing uncertainty in risk assessment, and fashioning a research agenda that offers possible forging of scientific consensus.     

审美“共通感”释疑

审美判断的"共通感"问题,涉及的是一个审美对象的客观性与主体审美的主观性之间的矛盾问题。如果我们找不到通达各主体之间的公共桥梁,那么,是不可能真正解决审美对象的"客观性"与主体审美的"主观性"这一矛盾的。这就需要尝试引入一个新概念——"精神青春期"。要理解各主体之间审美判断中的"共通感"问题,非"精神青春期"概念莫属;"精神青春期"概念的引入,为我们真正解决审美对象的"客观性"与主体审美的"主观性"这一矛盾提供了可能。     

农民专业合作社“规范困境”现象探析——来自湖北T合作社的个案

近年来农民专业合作社作为推进农业生产经营组织化变革的载体发展迅猛。但是实践中的农民专业合作社往往与合作社原则出现一定程度的背离,从而面临＂规范困境＂。通过对湖北T合作社的田野考察,将合作社置于行动主体的地位,从社会网络的视角去理解现代农业发展背景下合作社与多个利益主体的关系,分析表明农民专业合作社的行动构建区域社会地缘关系网络,权力关系网络、市场关系网络,并从中获取资源。同时这种网络对合作社的进一步行动形成制约,产业发展空间、农户行为特征、组织对市场的替代能力将是合作社突破＂规范困境＂的关键所在。     

“流浪猫案”裁判的逻辑批判——以证明规则为视角

对引起巨大争议的“流浪猫案”的解读存在多重视角。从证据法角度而言,本案法官对经验法则的认识存在不足,同时对事实推定与证明责任的把握也存在偏差,并且对争议颇大的“按比例判决”理解也有待矫正。这都极大地削弱了判决的说服力和实质上的妥当性。在民事诉讼自由心证主义原则下,我们应当从理论和实践层面严格把握对经验法则的界定,同时正确处理事实推定和证明责任的关系。在程序正当的前提之下,实现判决结果的实体公正。