试论大学生职业指导人员的职业素养*

近年来，我国的大学生就业形势日益紧张，如何实现高效就业不仅仅是每个大学毕业生关注的问题，同时也对职业指导人员提出了更高的要求。通过分析当前我国职业指导人员的整体素质、工作现状以及其不足之处，探讨了提高职业指导人员职业素质的必要性，并在此基础上提出解决问题的途径。     

Accountability to Welfare Service Users: Challenges and Responses of Service Providers

Influenced by the consumerist sentiment in New Public Management,the last decades have witnessed a revival of the call for accountabilityto service users in the public service sector. As an act ofaccountability, social care and health care professionals areincreasingly obliged to involve their service users in the serviceplanning and monitoring process. Despite the popularity of thisaccountability and user involvement rhetoric, critics have,however, been skeptical of the prevailing user involvement initiativesas an effective measure of accountability to service users (Barnes and Wistow, 1994a,1994b; Bowl, 1996; Peck et al., 2002; Rea, 2004). Based on astudy of user involvement in the welfare sector of Hong Kong,this paper argues that the discourse of accountability to theservice users can be a source of unrest for welfare professionals,in the manifestation of accountability as a power relationship.Their ensuing response is to accommodate the ensuing challengearising from the demand for accountability to service usersby manoeuvring the accountability discourse. It is the contentionof this paper that the institutional inclusion of welfare serviceusers into a discursive space is a necessary but not sufficientcondition for the realization of a mandate of accountabilityto welfare service users.     

媒体专业主义的困境与社会秩序的维护——“凯利事件”背后的媒体权威与法律权威

“凯利事件”所引发的英国政府与公共服务广播BBC的对峙 ,导致BBC作为一个机构和一种理念都陷入了严重的生存危机。BBC所引以为豪、并且被大众普遍接受的“中立、客观、独立”的原则在层层盘问、质询之下显示出其脆弱、矛盾的理念基础。本文将借“凯利事件”逐个分析“中立、客观、独立”这些通常不被置疑的媒体专业主义元叙事背后的历史、话语、权力的构建因素 ,解构其普遍主义的神话。本文认为 ,媒体专业主义所规定的原则只是在特定社会历史条件下主导社会机构之间形成的意识形态合意 ,在极端事件的参照中便显示出其本体论合法性的危机。法律的介入使得危机得以暂时平复 ,并且恢复了现存秩序。但它并没有 ,实际上也无法解决现存秩序所依据的合法性理念已经失去普遍性共识这一深层次的危机 ,只是借法律所具有的权威性和更加广泛的社会认同将其搁置起来     

Reducing Bushfire Risk by Planning and Design: A Professional Focus

While links between planning and resilience are increasingly touted as fundamental to managing urban settlements, there are limited practical examples. This paper provides an example via regulatory processes, in parallel with the exercise of professional discretion. Using analysis of diverse urban planning proposals in bushfire prone areas of Victoria Australia, a systematic and site-specific approach for bushfire risk assessment is set out. A three-step process is proposed as a basis for delivery of design solutions to manage bushfire risks. The paper concludes by arguing that professional judgement is a fundamental part of bushfire risk reduction within a regulatory framework.     

From “what works” to “making it work”: A practice perspective on evidence-based standardization in frontline service organizations

Evidence-based standards are becoming increasingly influential in frontline services connected to labor market inclusion of vulnerable citizens. To increase our understanding of standardization in such public service delivery, this study draws on interviews and ethnographic fieldwork from two frontline offices in the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration (2017–2018) that use the evidence-based Individual Placement and Support (IPS) standard. Adopting a theoretical perspective of organizational practices, the study highlights two distinct approaches to practicing IPS in the frontline organizations: as a “practice shift” in one organization (i.e., creating and legitimizing radically new service practices involving closer collaboration with employers) and as a “practice revival” in the other (i.e., reinstating more traditional service practices involving a holistic client orientation). Each approach relates to a specific constellation of recruitment practices, dynamics between frontline supervisors and staff, and team integration. The study contributes to the literature in two ways. First, it shows the underlying flexibility embedded in standardization and how standards may be implemented and adapted in ways that may either promote more radical change or revive traditional practices. Second, it nuances positions in the literature on the impact of standards on professional service work. On this basis, the study suggests broadening the attention in research on evidence-based standards in public service delivery from discussions of “what works” to understanding the broader organizational dynamics involved in “making it work.”     

国外教师职前培养模式的比较研究及启示

教师的职前培养是教师专业化发展进程中的一个重要阶段.从世界发展趋势来看,教师的职前培养模式逐渐趋向于开放化、多元化.西方发达国家近几十年来实行的3＋1、3＋2、4＋1、4＋2等教师职前培养模式各具特色：3＋1模式培养周期短,注重大学与中小学的合作;3＋2模式重视大学与高等师范院校的合作,教育实习特色鲜明;4＋1、4＋2模式中,教师专业教育与学科专业教育并重,适应了社会对高水平师资的要求.这些培养模式对我国教师教育的改革有如下几点启示,即：应更新教师教育理念,建立开放式教师教育体系;增加教育课程比重,强化教育实践训练;因地制宜,因校制宜,构建多元化人才培养模式.     

高职艺术设计专业人才培养模式探析——以甘肃联合大学六个“1+1”为例

六个"1+1"的高职艺术设计专业人才培养模式,是针对当前高职艺术设计专业人才培养中出现的问题,结合甘肃联合大学近几年艺术设计专业建设和教学改革实践,总结出的一种人才培养模式。这是一种明显区别于本科艺术设计教育,符合高等职业教育定位,具有可操作性的人才培养模式。     

人口计生工作职能转变与建设高素质职业化队伍

行政管理体制改革是深化改革的重要环节。新时期人口和计划生育工作任重道远。要实现未来人口发展目标,转变人口和计划生育工作职能,关键要建设一支高素质的职业化队伍。国家人口计生委在机构得到充实和加强的基础上,着力转变职能,理顺关系,优化结构和提高效能,促进了人口计生工作健康、深入、持续发展。     

Managing Change in Nonprofit Organizations: Insights from the UK Charity Retail Sector

Moves toward increased professionalism are now an almost taken-for-granted aspect of change across the nonprofit sector both in the United States and in the United Kingdom. This paper uses the case of UK charity retail to explore the impacts of this move to professionalism, on managers at the local level. In doing so it seeks to develop appropriate techniques for managing change both in charity retail and more broadly, in nonprofit organizations per se. The professionalization of charities' trading activities has resulted in a series of changes at the local level; these include the introduction of new forms of staff, changes to policies regarding the sourcing, pricing, and presentation of stock, and an increased emphasis on sales targets, league tables, and incentive schemes designed to motivate managers to increase sales. These policies set at head office level have had significant impact on the day-to-day working experiences of branch managers. This paper explores managers' reactions to these changes and examines the extent to which such policies could be said to be successful. To conclude, recommendations are made as to the most appropriate approaches to professionalizing charity retail operations. These conclusions are broadened to offer insights into appropriate techniques for managing change in nonprofit organizations.     

刑事政策的概念与方法

针对我国目前刑法理论研究中存在的问题,认为需要引入新的研究视角和方法.在界定刑事政策的概念、廓清刑事政策的研究对象与范围、厘定刑事政策学与其它相关学科关系的基础上,提出刑事政策在方法上要依靠综合治理、注重人文关怀、强调国家责任,并希求引起刑法学方法论的更新.