Estimation of gene/haplotype frequencies in genetic marker systems based on phenotype data

Two equivalent methods (gene counting and maximum likelihood) for estimating gene frequencies in a general genetic marker system based on observed phenotype data are derived. Under the maximum likelihood approach, an expression is given for the estimated covariance matrix from which estimated standard errors of the estimators can be found. In addition, consideration is given to the problem of estimating gene frequencies when there are available several independent population data sets.     

An intuitive risk factors search algorithm: usage of the Bayesian network technique in personalized medicine

The article focuses on the application of the Bayesian networks (BN) technique to problems of personalized medicine. The simple (intuitive) algorithm of BN optimization with respect to the number of nodes using naive network topology is developed. This algorithm allows to increase the BN prediction quality and to identify the most important variables of the network. The parallel program implementing the algorithm has demonstrated good scalability with an increase in the computational cores number, and it can be applied to the large patients database containing thousands of variables. This program is applied for the prediction for the unfavorable outcome of coronary artery disease (CAD) for patients who survived the acute coronary syndrome (ACS). As a result, the quality of the predictions of the investigated networks was significantly improved and the most important risk factors were detected. The significance of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene polymorphism for the prediction of the unfavorable outcome of CAD for patients survived after ACS was revealed for the first time.     

湘鄂川黔革命根据地的 “扩红运动”及其历史与现实意义

湘鄂川黔革命根据地是长江南岸的最后一块红色根据地，是在全国其他各路红军离开原有根据地后，由红二、六军团会师后建立的，为我国革命战争的胜利起到了不可忽视的作用。文章以“扩红运动”为研究维度，从三个方面进行深刻论析。面对国民党的“围剿”、根据地内反动势力的迫害以及薄弱的地方武装力量，“扩红运动”的组织发动显得迫切需要。“扩红运动”的组织发动不仅对打击封建反动势力、维护苏维埃政权、壮大革命队伍、策应红军长征，以及保卫土地革命成果、扩大中国共产党的影响有着重要的历史意义，而且还对当今密切党群关系、处理民族关系、加强军队建设等都有着重要的现实意义。     

Estimation of Sobol's sensitivity indices under generalized linear models

We derive explicit formulas for Sobol's sensitivity indices (SSIs) under the generalized linear models (GLMs) with independent or multivariate normal inputs. We argue that the main-effect SSIs provide a powerful tool for variable selection under GLMs with identity links under polynomial regressions. We also show via examples that the SSI-based variable selection results are similar to the ones obtained by the random forest algorithm but without the computational burden of data permutation. Finally, applying our results to the problem of gene network discovery, we identify through the SSI analysis of a public microarray dataset several novel higher-order gene–gene interactions missed out by the more standard inference methods. The relevant functions for SSI analysis derived here under GLMs with identity, log, and logit links are implemented and made available in the R package Sobol sensitivity.     

Looking Forward in Candidate Gene Research: Concerns and Suggestions

Candidate Gene × Environment (cGxE) interaction research holds promise for helping us understand for whom and why environments matter for families and development. In their commentary on our target article (G. L. Schlomer, G. M. Fosco, H. H. Cleveland, D. J. Vandenbergh, & M. E. Feinberg, 2015), J. E. Salvatore and D. M. Dick (2015) present their view of the current state and future of cGxE research and frame the debate regarding its merits for advancing knowledge of gene–environment interplay. In this reply, we discuss points of agreement and departure and provide a list of 5 domains by which the quality of cGxE research should be evaluated. Our hope is that researchers will use this list as a guide for their own work.     

文化基因论研究的基本趋势和内容——吴秋林教授访谈录

该访谈录使用问答的方式展开的是文化基因论研究的基本趋势和内容,认为展开文化基因研究才是实现完整人类的基本研究,生物基因的研究实现的只是“半人”（生物人）,而另外一半人（文化人）的研究应该用文化基因研究来实现。文化基因研究中存在着一系列相关重要概念,如文化基因密码,自意识、文化汤、文化原点、支点、节点、衍生点、信仰块、体质人、文化人等。     

红·白·黑--论《简·爱》中的色彩与人物刻画

在《简.爱》中,夏洛蒂.勃朗特巧妙地借助色彩丰富的象征意义,通过在人物语言、外貌及环境描写中大量使用红白黑三种色彩意象为人物敷彩设色。这不仅使抽象的人物个性变得具体而丰满,还能引发读者的想像和思考,从而使之从更深的层次理解人物和小说的思想蕴涵。     

我国科学技术创新能力不足之原因

我国当前科学技术创新能力不足的根本原因是科学工作者缺乏西方科学所具有的哲学思想、文化基因和教育环境,提升中国科学技术创新能力的关键是加强西方哲学思想的学习和熏陶,加大教育改革力度,推行多元化教育;崇尚理性主义精神等。     

Fitting asymmetric bimodal data with selected distributions

ABSTRACT

This article discusses two asymmetrization methods, Azzalini's representation and beta generation, to generate asymmetric bimodal models including two novel beta-generated models. The practical utility of these models is assessed with nine data sets from different fields of applied sciences. Besides this tutorial assessment, some methodological contributions are made: a random number generator for the asymmetric Rathie–Swamee model is developed (generators for the other models are already known and briefly described) and a new likelihood ratio test of unimodality is compared via simulations with other available tests. Several tools have been used to quantify and test for bimodality and assess goodness of fit including Bayesian information criterion, measures of agreement with the empirical distribution and the Kolmogorov–Smirnoff test. In the nine case studies, the results favoured models derived from Azzalini's asymmetrization, but no single model provided a best fit across the applications considered. In only two cases the normal mixture was selected as best model. Parameter estimation has been done by likelihood maximization. Numerical optimization must be performed with care since local optima are often present. We concluded that the models considered are flexible enough to fit different bimodal shapes and that the tools studied should be used with care and attention to detail.     

构建我国基因专利池的设想

专利池是专利的"强强联合",是技术垄断者的再次集中。在发达国家纷纷发展基因专利技术,并试图对我国进行技术包围之际,我们应该未雨绸缪,思考本国基因专利池的构建。本文从基因技术的发展现状和专利制度本身出发,分析了专利池的优点和专利池的组建经验。同时对我国的基因产业实力进行合理的评估,提出了建立我国基因专利池的4种可能,论述了应该如何构建基因专利池以及基因专利池的反垄断规制。以期加速生物时代我国基因专利池的构建,并促进我国基因技术的研究和应用,推动基因产业的发展。