顾客价值创新:战略分析的基点

传统的战略分析是以竞争为基点的。其目的是如何比竞争对手做得更好。在这种思维指导下 ,企业经营往往产生竞争激烈、市场不敏感、反应性行为、缺乏创新等后果。在复杂多变的环境中 ,战略分析应转移到顾客价值创新上来。顾客价值创新战略通过为顾客提供完全新型或得到重大改进的价值而使企业经营与竞争无关。顾客价值创新战略与竞争基点战略在战略导向、对竞争的认知及态度、企业本身实力的认识等具有明显不同的特征 ;进行顾客价值创新可以按照顾客价值创新循环机制进行 ,这一循环机制以顾客消费流程分析为起点 ,由创新机会认别、资源需求分析及价值创新实施等环节构成。     

中国移民政策与亚洲银行移民政策的比较研究

从移民的基本政策、移民安置规划、公众参与、移民的组织机构及责任四个方面 ,对中国移民政策与亚洲银行移民政策进行了对比分析 ,找出之区别 ,以便更好地与国际接轨     

Potential exposures and risks from beryllium-containing products.

Beryllium is the strongest of the lightweight metals. Used primarily in military applications prior to the end of the Cold War, beryllium is finding new applications in many commercial products, including computers, telecommunication equipment, and consumer and automotive electronics. The use of beryllium in nondefense consumer applications is of concern because beryllium is toxic. Inhalation of beryllium dust or vapor causes a chronic lung disease in some individuals at concentrations as low as 0.01 microg/m3 in air. As beryllium enters wider commerce, it is prudent to ask what risks this might present to the general public and to workers downstream of the beryllium materials industry. We address this question by evaluating the potential for beryllium exposure from the manufacturing, use, recycle, and disposal of beryllium-containing products. Combining a market study with a qualitative exposure analysis, we determine which beryllium applications and life cycle phases have the largest exposure potential. Our analysis suggests that use and maintenance of the most common types of beryllium-containing products do not result in any obvious exposures of concern, and that maintenance activities result in greater exposures than product use. Product disposal has potential to present significant individual risks, but uncertainties concerning current and future routes of product disposal make it difficult to be definitive. Overall, additional exposure and dose-response data are needed to evaluate both the health significance of many exposure scenarios, and the adequacy of existing regulations to protect workers and the public. Although public exposures to beryllium and public awareness and concern regarding beryllium risks are currently low, beryllium risks have psychometric qualities that may lead to rapidly heightened public concern.     

What to Do at Low Doses: A Bounding Approach for Economic Analysis

To quantify the health benefits of environmental policies, economists generally require estimates of the reduced probability of illness or death. For policies that reduce exposure to carcinogenic substances, these estimates traditionally have been obtained through the linear extrapolation of experimental dose-response data to low-exposure scenarios as described in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (1986). In response to evolving scientific knowledge, EPA proposed revisions to the guidelines in 1996. Under the proposed revisions, dose-response relationships would not be estimated for carcinogens thought to exhibit nonlinear modes of action. Such a change in cancer-risk assessment methods and outputs will likely have serious consequences for how benefit-cost analyses of policies aimed at reducing cancer risks are conducted. Any tendency for reduced quantification of effects in environmental risk assessments, such as those contemplated in the revisions to EPA's cancer-risk assessment guidelines, impedes the ability of economic analysts to respond to increasing calls for benefit-cost analysis. This article examines the implications for benefit-cost analysis of carcinogenic exposures of the proposed changes to the 1986 Guidelines and proposes an approach for bounding dose-response relationships when no biologically based models are available. In spite of the more limited quantitative information provided in a carcinogen risk assessment under the proposed revisions to the guidelines, we argue that reasonable bounds on dose-response relationships can be estimated for low-level exposures to nonlinear carcinogens. This approach yields estimates of reduced illness for use in a benefit-cost analysis while incorporating evidence of nonlinearities in the dose-response relationship. As an illustration, the bounding approach is applied to the case of chloroform exposure.     

企业效益评价因子分析模型及应用

本文将因子分析方法应用于社会科学领域的经济评价系统。从一些错综复杂的经济现象中找出少数几个主因子,每一个主因子代表经济变量之间相互依赖的一种经济作用,抓住这些主因子就可以帮助我们对复杂的经济问题进行分析和解释。在简要介绍因子模型以后,从实证分析的角度,选取深沪股市高科技板块 2 0家上市公司1998年中期的一系列经济评价指标,采用因子分析方法,并借助社会科学统计软件SPSS,进行企业的综合经济效益分析评价,得出因子分析是一种进行企业综合效益评价的有效方法。     

语篇分析与机器翻译

机译系统应该建立在具有语篇分析的大型语料库基础之上,语篇语料库内的原语和目的语文本不是单向、而应是双向或多向流动的网络系统。文本的译文也应该有历时和共时的区别,因为互文性已是翻译的某种本质特征。     

计算结构力学课程的改革与学科发展

文章介绍了计算结构力学教学改革的目的和意义,进一步确立了适应21世纪人才培养的学科教学内容与体系,在课程教学的改革中特别就结构分析的技术应用和创新能力培养等方面进行了探索。     

管理会计在我国的应用思考

随着对管理会计理论及实践方法的不断探讨和研究,管理会计对提高企业内部管理水平的作用日益突出。本文主要分析、论述了管理会计面临的挑战及存在的主要问题,并对管理会计今后的发展和应用前景进行了探索和思考。     

核准制IPO定价实证分析

本文用信息经济学的理论和计量经济学的实证分析方法研究了我国核准制下的新股定价问题 ,指出市场主体决策时的信息差异是造成新股发行价和上市价相背离的主要原因 ,并构建多元回归模型对这一假设进行了检验。     

Psychological taxing in Flemish municipalities

We analyse whether the psychological pricing in the private sector has a public sector counterpart in tax policy. Analysing the main theoretical arguments for the existence of price points, and applying them to the public sector, suggests that psychological taxing reveals itself by the use of non-0 ending tax rates. The tax rate endings of the local income taxes, which are set by 308 Flemish municipalities in the fiscal year 1998, suggests the presence of psychological taxing. Non-0 endings occur more frequently in municipalities where demand for public policy is more elastic (and where, therefore, the benefits to the politicians from setting a tax just below a tax point is higher). The pre-tax income inequality and the level of the tax rate positively affect psychological taxing. The latter effect is reinforced in those municipalities where the existing tax rate is above the average tax rate in neighbouring municipalities and below their neighbours’ minimum, although this effect has a limited effect and is offset the further below the minimum the tax is set.