澳大利亚OESC保护中小学生上网安全的途径研究

随着网络技术的发展和社交软件使用的低龄化,发生在中小学校的网络欺凌现象越来越普遍。澳大利亚政府高度关注该问题,专门成立网络安全专员办公室（OESC）,用以支持和推动中小学生网络安全措施的实施。具体而言：（1）提供安全的网络使用指导,引导中小学生养成网络安全行为习惯;（2）为学校和家庭提供相关的教育资源,培养中小学生的网络安全意识和能力;（3）对网络服务供应商设立监管机制,确保中小学生网络安全措施的顺利实施。     

关于推进我国由核大国向核强国迈进的探讨与思考

论文阐述了推进我国核大国向核强国迈进的背景、规划、核战略产业、军民融合海陆空领域的发展。首先题解我国核大国、强国的顶层设计、国外背景、10大产业的大国强国方向;进而阐明了我国已步入核电大国行列,在役在建设核电站进入世界第三位,但核电在国际国内能源、电力中比重很小,迈向核电强国任务艰巨;进而阐明举全国之力做强我国核工业,建设更先进的核潜艇,研发中国战略重器核航空母舰;建立强大有后处理的核燃料循环,打造“中国造”华龙1号,全产业链走出去;实施一批重大工程建设,推动核科技进步,继续研发、部署小堆项目建设;抓紧以核电代煤、治霾、减碳、供热的开发工作;加大核科技在农学、医学、科研、军工的应用。认真贯彻《核安全法》确保核工业安全发展,健全完善核应急体系,推动核安保能力提升,不断完善核安全结构和核安全系统的顶层设计,保障核工业安全万无一失。抓好军民深度融合国家战略发展,军民对接,使命承担,发展军民融合产业。     

论概率安全评价中的组织风险因素

核电站组织风险已经成为核电站安全运行重要的影响因素,在概率安全评价中考虑组织风险因素是核电安全研究的重要课题。文章在建立组织风险因素与PSA之间转换的概念框架的基础上,对组织风险因素进行分类。分类后的组织风险因素受人员行为形成因子的影响,其影响在人因可靠性分析中进行分析。计算和评估这些人员行为形成因子对于事故后操纵员的影响可以计算组织因素对核电站安全的影响。     

核设施运营单位的核应急能力评估指标体系构建

核设施运营单位的核应急能力评价是核设施运营单位风险评估及核应急管理的重要内容,构建核设施运营单位的核应急能力评价体系可以提升核设施运营单位的核应急响应能力和管理能力。在对某4个核设施运营单位的20位专家进行两轮咨询的基础上,结合已有国内外研究成果,并采用临界值法对评价指标进行筛选,建立了一个包含3项一级指标,13项二级指标,38项三级指标的核设施运营单位核应急能力评价指标体系。指标体系综合考虑了影响核设施运营单位的核应急能力的主要因素,涵盖了核设施运营单位的核应急工作的各个方面,且各指标之间相对独立,操作方便,实施起来简单易行,可协助发现核设施营运单位在应急响应能力方面存在的问题,对核设施运营单位的核应急能力建设起到积极的促进作用。     

新型农业经营主体的经营绩效与差异分析——基于农村固定观察点的数据调查

新型农业经营主体的经营绩效关系到其可持续发展。采用农村固定观察点对我国各省区新型农业经营主体的调查数据,运用随机前沿分析法,对不同类型的经营主体的经营绩效进行分析,并进一步分析新型农业经营主体的差异性。结果表明：相比小农户而言,新型农业经营主体的经营绩效相对较高,但是其平均绩效还有很大的改善空间;新型农业经营主体面临融资难和人才缺乏的问题,且该问题在农民专业合作社中最为突出;我国家庭农场的经营绩效在三种新型农业经营主体中是最高的,其次是农业（龙头）企业,最后是农民专业合作社。对此,提出应完善土地“三权分置”机制,实现新型农业经营主体的规模化生产,进一步解决其融资难和人才缺乏的问题,加大政策扶持力度等建议。     

Pharmacovigilance in Clinical Trials: Current Practice and Challenges

In view of the MENA increasing participation in multinational trials and the increasing number of national/regional trials, this article explores potential areas of pharmacovigilance, requiring reform and provides recommendations for building a robust safety reporting system. Regulatory silence on expedited reporting requirements creates confusion for local sites that are part of multinational trials. Not allowing waiver for serious adverse events that are protocol specified or are study endpoints, along with lack of emphasis on causality as reporting criteria, adds substantial burden of uninformative cases for regulatory review. Despite global focus on Development Safety Update Report, local regulators are not yet insistent on real-time update of a drug’s cumulative safety profile. Issues like reporting requirements for generic trials, pregnancy reporting and lenient timeline for death/life-threatening events need attention. Finally, the need to formulate an all-encompassing local pharmacovigilance guideline, in sync with global practice cannot be overemphasized.     

会计核算软件逆向操作的利弊分析

为了迎合财务会计的需求,软件公司开发了不少带有逆向操作功能的软件,虽然在使用中对更正会计差错、减少系统数据冗余和提高工作质量等起到了一定的作用,但同样也给财务会计系统的安全带来了威胁。这里在简略介绍会计核算软件逆向操作内涵和功能作用的基础上,针对其可能产生的隐患和危害等进行了分析,并针对其弊端和可能的风险提出了防范性完善措施。     

语文课程素养培养模式的探索与建构——以湛江师范学院中文专业为例

语文课程素养是师范院校中文专业人才培养的综合素养,也是人才培养目标的高度浓缩。"课程整合、平台贯通、操作一体化"培养模式,则是针对当下中文专业人才培养中的问题及素养形成规律提出的具体方案。要使这个方案落实到教学中,既需要教师改变课程观念、确定语文课程素养的培养目标,又要通过教学评价进行引导。而这一方案一旦成为教学中的共识,将大大提高师范院校中文专业的人才培养效率和水平。     

Manipulating motivating operations to facilitate the emergence of mands for a child with autism

Research on the functional independence of verbal operants (Skinner, 1957) has demonstrated inconsistent findings. One explanation may be that these studies have not manipulated the motivating operation (MO) to facilitate the emergence of mands (Hall & Sundberg, 1987; Lamarre & Holland, 1985). In the current study, 1 participant, diagnosed with autism, was taught to tact high-preference and low-preference leisure items, and emergence of mands was tested under varying MO conditions. Results showed the emergence of mands following periods of arranged deprivation, and greater maintenance for a highly preferred relative to a less preferred stimulus. However, mands only emerged when presession tact trials were conducted. These results suggest that in a state of deprivation, transfer of stimulus control from discriminative to motivational conditions may occur without direct training.     

A Comparative Pharmacokinetic Estimate of Mercury in U.S. Infants Following Yearly Exposures to Inactivated Influenza Vaccines Containing Thimerosal

The use of thimerosal preservative in childhood vaccines has been largely eliminated over the past decade in the United States because vaccines have been reformulated in single‐dose vials that do not require preservative. An exception is the inactivated influenza vaccines, which are formulated in both multidose vials requiring preservative and preservative‐free single‐dose vials. As part of an ongoing evaluation by USFDA of the safety of biologics throughout their lifecycle, the infant body burden of mercury following scheduled exposures to thimerosal preservative in inactivated influenza vaccines in the United States was estimated and compared to the infant body burden of mercury following daily exposures to dietary methylmercury at the reference dose established by the USEPA. Body burdens were estimated using kinetic parameters derived from experiments conducted in infant monkeys that were exposed episodically to thimerosal or MeHg at identical doses. We found that the body burden of mercury (AUC) in infants (including low birth weight) over the first 4.5 years of life following yearly exposures to thimerosal was two orders of magnitude lower than that estimated for exposures to the lowest regulatory threshold for MeHg over the same time period. In addition, peak body burdens of mercury following episodic exposures to thimerosal in this worst‐case analysis did not exceed the corresponding safe body burden of mercury from methylmercury at any time, even for low‐birth‐weight infants. Our pharmacokinetic analysis supports the acknowledged safety of thimerosal when used as a preservative at current levels in certain multidose infant vaccines in the United States.