A Review of Adult Attachment Measures: Implications for Theory and Research

There has been increasing interest in adult attachment from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. Because the test of a theory is based on our ability to assess theoretical constructs, the review is organized around assessment techniques. Delineating the content, focus, assumptions, and correlates of different attachment measures highlights central issues and problems in conducting research in adult attachment. In this review, we present theoretical issues related to adult attachment, in particular, individual differences, working models, and the role of attachment in adult life. A summary of the measures commonly used in the study of adult attachment follows. The literature review is organized by measure, examining topics such as relations between childhood experiences and adult attachment status, and adult attachment and adult personality and functioning, parenting and partnership behavior. Studies which explore relations between measures are discussed before concluding with thoughts about future directions.     

论陆机赋的东吴情结

陆机以东吴贵族及才子的身份而入仕西晋王朝的经历 ,形成了他矛盾的性格和富有传奇色彩的悲剧人生 ,也是陆机赋东吴情结的成因所在。陆机赋中对父祖光荣的追慕与自豪 ,对故土亲人的眷恋 ,对朝代兴衰、人生短暂的深切思考以及对吴楚名物、文化的赞美与张扬 ,都表现了浓浓的故国情愫 ,东吴情结何其强烈 !陆机赋第一次把故国情感引进赋中并对庾信故国乡关赋产生了深远的影响。     

Interdisciplinary Insights on Nonverbal Responses within Attachment Relationships

As an extension of the thinking of Schachner, Shaver, and Mikulincer [2005, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 29], it is suggested that other disciplines (e.g., evolutionary psychology, social neuroscience) provide guidance with respect to factors that may influence nonverbal behavior within attachment relationships. An integration of biological and cognitive approaches provides a more complete understanding of the routes through which, and the extent to which, there is continuity between attachment processes in parent–child and adult relationships. As a specific illustration drawn from parent–child relationships, consideration is given to the cognitive biases more common among depressed or abusive mothers, and the resultant consequences for insecure attachment—as mediated by physiological stress responses and the ineffective communication processes that follow from those responses.     

契丹与突厥的关系及影响

契丹的兴起与突厥的关系较为密切,突厥强大并称霸东亚时,契丹族则依附之.中原王朝强大而突厥衰落之时,契丹族就叛离突厥依附于中原王朝.契丹对突厥时而依附时而叛离,这种关系对于契丹的发展既有利也有弊,虽然契丹依附于突厥被迫接受其统治,但在客观上增强了契丹民族凝聚力,同时契丹主动与中原王朝接触,有利于经济的发展,文化的繁荣.     

Micro-structural foundations of network inequality: Evidence from a field experiment in professional networking

Sociological accounts of network inequality typically rely on the logic of preferential attachment, holding that individuals in a social network prefer to form ties with central rather than peripheral actors. We develop an alternative explanation for the growth of network inequality that does not require actors to have knowledge about the social position of others or to hold explicit preferences for partners based on such knowledge. Instead, we theorize that central actors benefit from being exposed to more opportunities for triadic closure, which confounds a quality- or popularity-based signal that their greater connectedness might also send. We test this prediction an observational study and a field experiment across multiple professional conferences. In the field experiment, we test whether network centrality is predictive of tie formation if the benefits that central actors receive through their disproportional exposure to second-order network neighbors are randomly suppressed. The findings demonstrate that for the same level of exposure to opportunities for triadic closure, central actors and less central actors are equally likely to be selected as network partners. We discuss how the proposed mechanism may be used to rectify social capital disadvantages among disadvantaged groups.     

Attachment network structure as a predictor of romantic attachment formation and insecurity

We present a new framework to conceptualize normative variation in attachment network structure and use the framework to predict romantic attachment formation and attachment insecurity. Young adults (N = 2,055) completed the Attachment Network Questionnaire and were classified into one of four network types based on two comparisons: (a) between their primary and secondary figure, and (b) between their secondary and tertiary figure. Each comparison was coded as Similar (S) or Different (D), resulting in the following distribution across four network types: (a) 40% D:D—diversified; (b) 32% D:S—monotropic; (c) 19% S:D—joint principal; and (d) 9% S:S—distributed. Romantic duration predicted a developmental sequence of network structure consistent with infant attachment formation. Findings also indicated that the nonhierarchical network, distributed type, was associated with insecure attachment representations. Results suggest that attachment networks exhibit greater structural diversity than is commonly assumed and that the new framework is useful for understanding developmental and social outcomes.     

论威廉·福克纳的乡恋情结

福克纳是美国“南方文学派”最重要的作家,其“约克纳帕塔法世系”小说是以南方为背景创造的。他在作品中表露出深深的乡恋情结,这是他对故土的热爱,也是他对精神家园的寻觅。他面对近代文明作出了痛苦的抉择     

家庭功能与小班幼儿亲社会行为的关系：安全型依恋的中介作用和性别的调节作用

基于McMaster家庭功能模式理论和依恋理论,选取392名小班幼儿为被试,通过问卷调查探讨家庭功能与小班幼儿亲社会行为的关系,并检验安全型依恋的中介效应和性别的调节效应。结果显示,家庭功能、亲社会行为、安全型依恋两两之间均呈现显著的正相关。安全型依恋在家庭功能与小班幼儿亲社会行为的关系中起着部分中介作用。性别显著调节家庭功能与亲社会行为之间的关系。具体而言,家庭功能显著正向影响女性幼儿的亲社会行为,但对男性幼儿亲社会行为的影响并不显著。     

Place‐defending and the denial of racism

This paper introduces the concept of place‐defending and articulates its implications for locality‐based social policy. Place‐defending is the protection of one's local area from unfavourable assessments, in this case of being labelled or perceived as a racist space. Place attachment and identifications with place are drivers of place‐defending. Person‐place relationships and their implications for locality‐based social policies have not yet received sufficient consideration in the literature—a significant oversight considering the current policy focus in Australia and the United Kingdom on locality‐based social policy. In this study of local anti‐racism in the Australian context, place‐defending involved the denial of racism and performances of place that reproduced the discourse of tolerance. Print media coverage of the release of national data on racism was analysed alongside a series of interviews with individuals working on anti‐racism at both local and state/federal levels. Four tools of place‐defending are discussed: direct action to defend place; spatial deflections; use of minority group members to discredit claims of racism; and critiques of those who make claims about racism. The tools of place‐defending operated to construct localities as places of tolerance, potentially undermining the case for anti‐racism.     

高等学校投资效益的评价体系探讨

分析高等学校的投入产出关系,建立了一套高等学校投资效益评价指标体系和权重体系,通过模糊数学中隶属度的概念,采用层次分析法针对评价体系进行单因素模糊评价和多级模糊综合评判,并采集了某所高校不同年度的数据,通过软件对评价体系进行了计算和验证,得出各年度投资效益的产出率。