英语频度副词ALWAYS主观性嬗变的历时研究

作为现代英语中不定期频度副词的代表, always体现了一定的客观意义。然而追溯至十七世纪,always体现为更强的主观意义。本文基于十七世纪至二十世纪的英语语料,考察了always的主观性演化情况,涵盖了 always与人称代词、认知动词和否定算子等语言因素的共现情况。结果发现：从十七世纪到二十世纪always不仅体现出客观化趋势,还出现了范畴分化的现象。这一研究结果对于我们重新认识语言的主观性现象以及意义演化等问题具有一定的参考意义。     

论习近平的马克思主义学习观及其价值意义

习近平同志长期以来非常重视学习,多次专门就学习问题发表重要讲话,集中对“为什么学习”“学习什么”“怎样学习”等问题进行了科学回答,形成了内容丰富、思想深邃、系统科学的学习观。深入系统学习习近平同志关于学习的重要论述,认真领会其精神实质,全面把握其实践要求,对于提升党员干部的能力水平、推进学习型政党建设、推动伟大复兴“中国梦”的实现具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

Effects of correlated covariates on the asymptotic efficiency of matching and inverse probability weighting estimators for causal inference

In observational studies, the overall aim when fitting a model for the propensity score is to reduce bias for an estimator of the causal effect. To make the assumption of an unconfounded treatment plausible researchers might include many, possibly correlated, covariates in the propensity score model. In this paper, we study how the asymptotic efficiency of matching and inverse probability weighting estimators for average causal effects change when the covariates are correlated. We investigate the case with multivariate normal covariates, a logistic model for the propensity score and linear models for the potential outcomes and show results under different model assumptions. We show that the correlation can both increase and decrease the large sample variances of the estimators, and that the correlation affects the asymptotic efficiency of the estimators differently, both with regard to direction and magnitude. Moreover, the strength of the confounding towards the outcome and the treatment plays an important role.     

Methods for exploring treatment effect heterogeneity in subgroup analysis: an application to global clinical trials

Multi‐country randomised clinical trials (MRCTs) are common in the medical literature, and their interpretation has been the subject of extensive recent discussion. In many MRCTs, an evaluation of treatment effect homogeneity across countries or regions is conducted. Subgroup analysis principles require a significant test of interaction in order to claim heterogeneity of treatment effect across subgroups, such as countries in an MRCT. As clinical trials are typically underpowered for tests of interaction, overly optimistic expectations of treatment effect homogeneity can lead researchers, regulators and other stakeholders to over‐interpret apparent differences between subgroups even when heterogeneity tests are insignificant. In this paper, we consider some exploratory analysis tools to address this issue. We present three measures derived using the theory of order statistics, which can be used to understand the magnitude and the nature of the variation in treatment effects that can arise merely as an artefact of chance. These measures are not intended to replace a formal test of interaction but instead provide non‐inferential visual aids, which allow comparison of the observed and expected differences between regions or other subgroups and are a useful supplement to a formal test of interaction. We discuss how our methodology differs from recently published methods addressing the same issue. A case study of our approach is presented using data from the Study of Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO), which was a large cardiovascular MRCT that has been the subject of controversy in the literature. An R package is available that implements the proposed methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Exact calculation of power and sample size in bioequivalence studies using two one‐sided tests

The number of subjects in a pharmacokinetic two‐period two‐treatment crossover bioequivalence study is typically small, most often less than 60. The most common approach to testing for bioequivalence is the two one‐sided tests procedure. No explicit mathematical formula for the power function in the context of the two one‐sided tests procedure exists in the statistical literature, although the exact power based on Owen's special case of bivariate noncentral t‐distribution has been tabulated and graphed. Several approximations have previously been published for the probability of rejection in the two one‐sided tests procedure for crossover bioequivalence studies. These approximations and associated sample size formulas are reviewed in this article and compared for various parameter combinations with exact power formulas derived here, which are computed analytically as univariate integrals and which have been validated by Monte Carlo simulations. The exact formulas for power and sample size are shown to improve markedly in realistic parameter settings over the previous approximations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Heart of the Matter: Exploring Intergenerational Themes in Children’s Literature

Exploring intergenerational themes in children’s literature, this article shares the perspective of one grandfather and the reactions of educators in response to stories of young and old. Four themes found within intergenerational children’s literature are identified: (a) perceptions of grandparents’ interests and personalities, (b) passing down of knowledge, (c) shared moments/adventures, and (d) perceptions of aging. Intended as a reference point for educators as they select books depicting intergenerational themes, a question asked is, What is at the heart of the matter when it comes to children’s literature depicting themes of young and old?     

“教师资格注册制度”的理论研究与实践

教师资格注册制度已呈现出全国性常态化发展趋向。分析该制度提出的社会背景和政策背景,论述其实施的有效性,阐明其在贯彻中会出现的问题,进而提出笔者对该政策的见解,对于坚持和完善“教师资格注册制度”,具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。     

西北地区回族、撒拉族、维吾尔族民间婚俗舞蹈比较研究(连载)

在甘、青、宁和新疆地区 ,在民间婚礼中 ,曾经活跃着三种婚俗性的民间舞蹈表演。然而 ,随着历史的推进 ,也出现了舞蹈历史兴衰的现象。本文以中国西北地区的撒拉族、回族、维吾尔族婚礼中的舞蹈为研究对象 ,在大量第一手调查资料、文献资料的基础上 ,试图分析《堆依奥依纳》、《宴席舞》、《纳孜尔库姆》这三种婚俗舞蹈各自兴衰的过程     

关注"常态"生活的意义——家庭社会学研究的一个新视角初探

本文从日常生活的"常态"概念入手,认为选择这样一个"常态"作为研究对象对研究家庭社会学是十分有意义的.具体地说,我们认为以被访人的生活史为切入点,去挖掘和揭示制度安排中的"盲点",应该成为家庭社会学研究的一个新的视角.     

现代多媒体技术在大学公共外语教学中的应用

随着计算机的普及,多媒体技术的日趋成熟,计算机辅助英语教学CAI将成为外语教学的必然趋势。本文据此介绍了现代英语教学观念模式,提出多媒体技术与英语教学相结合,这些可以更好地提高英语课堂教学效果。