技术创新资本作用机理的研究

本文从理论上解释了创新资本在发展中国家和欠发达地区技术创新中的作用机理和特异性。提出：由于发展中国家产业结构体系的技术经济特征与发达国家具有显著差异，在其技术创新活动中创新资本的作用与效应也不同于发达国家。以中国工业企业数据为样本进行的实证分析结果对理论分析的结论给予了支持：在中国，R＆D投资对技术创新的促进作用约4倍于风险投资的相应作用，与美国等发达国家的情况呈现出背离趋势。因此，对于现阶段的中国产业结构体系而言，风险投资对技术创新的激励效应并非最优，需要匹配以适宜形式的R＆D投资才能够取得更优的技术创新产出效率。     

The Lived Experience of Transport Structure: An Exploration of Transport's Role in People's Lives

This article is oriented towards the tensions between the local character of the lived experience of transport and the more general view taken in transport policy studies. The article presents research conducted in 2002–2005 into the lived experience of transport structure: it represents a social transport policy approach to the phenomenon of suppressed journeys and barriers to travel. The research was funded by the Department for Transport with the primary goal of exploring the complexities associated with travel among different social groups and across different geographic locations. Two case studies were undertaken, one in a rural location and one in a peripheral urban location in Oxfordshire. Analysis of the case‐study materials resulted in a number of findings, the most pertinent of which is that there is a major consultation gap between users of the transport system and planners of that system. Additionally, existing methodologies in transport and travel under‐record and under‐represent the barriers to mobility experienced in the routine of everyday life within contemporary Britain.     

Environmental Barriers and Housing Accessibility Problems Over a One-Year Period in Later Life in Three European Countries

Abstract

The objective of this study was to describe environmental barriers and investigate the nature of accessibility problems in housing among single-living, very old people (N = 1,150) in urban regions in three European countries (Sweden, Germany, Latvia), in a one-year perspective. A specific feature of this study is the explicit conceptual differentiation between environmental barriers and accessibility problems, underlying the presentation of the following results: Environmental barriers were very common, and in all three national samples the 20 most prevalent environmental barriers were found in 77–98% of all dwellings investigated. The magnitudes of accessibility problems were similar among the three samples and did not change over one year, while differences were indicated in the types of environmental barriers generating accessibility problems.     

Social ties, task-related communication and first job performance of young engineers

This study investigated the relationships among social ties, task-related communication, and first industrial job performance of a group of young engineers by utilizing a cooperative (coop) engineering program as a natural study. The coop arrangement allowed the researcher to examine the work behavior of these young engineers with similar academic training who were working on comparable work assignments in the same set of organizations.The study found that the job performance of the coop engineers was related to the pattern of work- related communication but not the total number of contacts. Specifically, high performance new engineers were integrated more broadly into the interpersonal communication networks than low performance new engineers. Moreover, high performance new engineers exhibited communication patterns similar to those of high performance veteran engineers working on similar types of technical work. Social ties with the company staff was found to be related positively with job performance, but social ties with other coop engineers was found to be related negatively with job performance, a result which challenges an implicit assumption often made by researchers and managers about the organizational socialization of newcomers. Overall, this study provides an integrative framework for relating social ties and communication as key factors for understanding the job performance of young engineers and presents a methodology for assessing their organizational assimilation.     

激励企业技术创新的两种管制方式

本文旨在探讨激励垄断企业技术创新的两种管制方式——价格上限管制和最优管制机制。首先分别建立了它们的管制模型,得出了激励企业技术创新的具体的管制机制;进一步地,比较了在这两种管制方式下企业创新的内在激励,以及创新费用的增加对消费者剩余的影响;并分析了当激励企业创新问题引入时,两种管制方式相对优势的改变。     

中学课外科技活动的存在问题及对策

本文较为详细地分析我们在１９９８ 年上半年进行的“广州 市中学生课外科技活动问卷调查”的数据, 指出广州市中学生课外科技 活动存在着师资力量不足、考核制度不完善等问题, 文章最后提出了解 决上述问题的意见和看法     

发达国家高等职业技术教育与经济竞争力研究

高等职业技术教育是经济发展、科技进步的产物。职业教育的层次随着经济发展的需要不断提高。高等职业技术教育同经济的关系最为密切和直接,是培养应用型和技能型人才的主要手段。许多国家的经验证明,技术型人才的数量、质量和结构在很大程度上决定国家的经济竞争能力。文章分析了发达国家高等职业技术教育对经济发展的促进作用,论述了高等职业技术教育对经济竞争力的功效。     

技术创新与企业核心竞争力

企业技术创新与提升核心竞争力是对立统一的辩证关系:技术创新是培育与强化企业核心竞争力的根本途径;企业核心竞争力是促进与引导技术创新的重要因素。培育企业核心竞争力,应着力进行技术创新,并努力克服两者的制约关系,实现互动的螺旋式发展态势。     

《现代汉语词典》科技术语义项漏略商榷

《现代汉语词典》(2002年增补本)的科技术语存在着义项漏略问题,有的是专科义项漏略,如"干涉"、"权数";有的是语文义项漏略,如"毒瘤"、"腐蚀剂"、"催化剂"。     

Optimal and Acceptable Technical Facilities Involving Risks

Economic cost-benefit optimization of technical facility requires suitable "life saving cost" and/or an appropriate acceptance criterion if human life and limb are at risk. Traditionally, acceptance criteria implicit in codes of practice, standards, or regulations for well-defined fields of application are calibrated against past and present practice. This is all but satisfying. It is unclear whether present rules are already optimal. Extrapolations into new fields of application are extremely difficult. Direct cost-benefit analysis is proposed as an alternative. Based on the recently proposed "life quality index" (LQI), a rational acceptance criterion and so-called life saving cost are derived. The classical life quality index is reviewed, modified, and imbedded in modern economics theory. The results are then applied to technical facilities. The relation between optimization and the LQI-based acceptance criterion is discussed. The relevant economics literature is reviewed with respect to discount rates applicable for long-term investments into risk reduction. They should be as low as possible according to a recent mathematical result. Modern economic growth theory decomposes the output growth rate into the rate of time preference of consumption and the rate of economical growth multiplied by the elasticity of marginal utility of consumption. It is found that the rate of time preference of consumption should be a little larger than the long-term population growth rate. The public benefit rate (output growth rate) on the other hand should be smaller than the sum of the population growth rate and the long-term growth rate of a national economy, which is around 2% for most industrial countries. Accordingly, the rate of time preference of consumption is about 1%, which is also intergenerationally acceptable from an ethical point of view. Given a certain output growth rate there is a corresponding maximum financial interest rate in order to maintain nonnegativity of the objective function at the optimum. Finally, a simple demonstration example is added.