Australian and New Zealand Indigenous mothers’ report respect for smoking bans in homes

BackgroundThere is limited data about the reasons behind residential rules to reduce environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure or the establishment or enforcement of such rules in Indigenous populations.AimWe aimed to gain an understanding of smokefree rules around Australian and New Zealand (NZ) Indigenous infants.MethodThis was a qualitative study nested within a randomised controlled trial that aimed to test the efficacy of a family-centred tobacco control programme about environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) to improve the respiratory health of Indigenous infants in Australia and New Zealand. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 Indigenous mothers of infants in Australia (n = 7) and NZ (n = 19). We asked about the presence of smokefree rules, who set the rules, how the rules were set and enforced, and presence of smokefree rules in participants’ wider social circle. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and inductively analysed to identify key themes.FindingsSixty-nine percent of mothers had partners, 77% smoked and all reported some presence of smokefree rules for house and car. Three main themes were identified: strategies to minimise exposure to ETS, establishing smokefree rules in homes and cars, and, adherence and enforcement of smokefree rules. Several strategies were identified to limit children's exposure to ETS, including rules to limit exposure to third-hand smoke. Mothers extended their smokefree rules to apply to other people's houses or cars, and reported that their family and social circles also had smokefree rules. The main reason for having smokefree rules was for the health of their children. Rules were most commonly set by the mother, often jointly with their partner. Few mothers reported challenges or problems with other people adhering to the smokefree rules.ConclusionWomen tried very hard to, and believed that they were effective in, protecting their children from the harmful effects of ETS exposure. In this context, health professionals need to emphasise smoking cessation in parents, so that children are maximally protected from ETS exposure.     

Veteran-nonveteran differences in alcohol and drug misuse by tobacco use status in Alabama SBIRT

ABSTRACT

Alcohol and substance use can challenge military veterans who live in rural communities. In 2016, the screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment in Alabama (AL-SBIRT) program was implemented in west Alabama. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether current tobacco use modified the relationship between veteran status and substance misuse. Self-reported wellness data was collected regarding substance, alcohol, or tobacco consumption. Risk levels for alcohol and drug use were measured using the United States Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (US-AUDIT) and the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST)-10. Substance and tobacco use were significantly and positively correlated. Veterans had a higher US-AUDIT and DAST score than nonveterans, and tobacco appeared to be an exacerbating factor. Effective evidence-based interventions are needed in rural settings. Technology based programs and motivational interviewing with trained clinicians may serve as beneficial and cost-effective interventions for tobacco use prevention and cessation efforts.     

Truth® ads,receptivity, and motivation to use or quit tobacco among college students

Abstract

Objective: Examine receptivity and motivation to use/quit tobacco among college students after viewing Truth ads. Participants: Random sample of 10,000 college students invited to complete online survey February 2016 (8.5% response rate). Methods: Quasi-experimental. Participants (N?=?854) watched four ads and answered survey items for each ad. Results: Students rated ad receptivity and decreased motivation to use tobacco higher for the Catmageddon ad than the others. Regardless of ad, men and current cigarette smokers reported lower receptivity. Younger age was associated with lower motivation to use tobacco for all ads. Tobacco users reported greater motivation to quit with the Catmageddon ad. Conclusions: College students were receptive to the Truth ads, and many indicated lower motivation to use tobacco. Men, older college students, and current cigarette smokers were less receptive to the ads, reinforcing the need to develop tailored campaigns to reach these subgroups.     

吴于廑早期学术研究与后期世界史理论建设

作为建国以来构建世界史理论体系的新创者，吴于廑在其早期的学术研究也即硕博学位论文中所积累的学术知识，主要以中国史的领域为主，但却对其以后构建世界史理论体系产生了重要作用，主要体现为对古今中外史家的世界史观方面的评价，在世界历史的分期方面以及对世界历史上的游牧与农耕关系方面产生的影响。     

恩施烟地土壤和烤烟团棵期硒含量与分布的研究

对湖北省恩施市几个主要产烟区的烟地土壤的调查分析和对烤烟盆栽试验结果的分析表明,烟地土壤含硒量因土壤母质而异,并与土壤有机碳含量呈正相关,其分布随土壤深度增加而减少;烤烟团棵期含硒量随土壤含硒量和土壤施硒量的增加而增加,并呈现出地下部分大于地上部分的分布规律。     

Distribution of Exposure Concentrations and Doses for Constituents of Environmental Tobacco Smoke

The ultimate goal of the research reported in this series of three articles is to derive distributions of doses of selected environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)-related chemicals for nonsmoking workers. This analysis uses data from the 16-City Study collected with personal monitors over the course of one workday in workplaces where smoking occurred. In this article, we describe distributions of ETS chemical concentrations and the characteristics of those distributions (e.g., whether the distribution was log normal for a given constituent) for the workplace exposure. Next, we present population parameters relevant for estimating dose distributions and the methods used for estimating those dose distributions. Finally, we derive distributions of doses of selected ETS-related constituents obtained in the workplace for people in smoking work environments. Estimating dose distributions provided information beyond the usual point estimate of dose and showed that the preponderance of individuals exposed to ETS in the workplace were exposed at the low end of the dose distribution curve. The results of this analysis include estimations of hourly maxima and time-weighted average (TWA) doses of nicotine from workplace exposures to ETS (extrapolated from 1 day to 1 week) and doses derived from modeled lung burdens of ultraviolet-absorbing particulate matter (UVPM) and solanesol resulting from workplace exposures to ETS (extrapolated from 1 day to 1 year).     

Do Markets Favor Agents able to Make Accurate Predictions?

Blume and Easley (1992) show that if agents' have the same savings rule, those who maximize the expected logarithm of next period's outcomes will eventually hold all wealth (i.e. are ‘most prosperous’). However, if no agent adopts this rule then the most prosperous are not necessarily those who make the most accurate predictions. Thus, agents who make inaccurate predictions need not be driven out of the market. In this paper, it is shown that, among agents who have the same intertemporal discount factor (and who choose savings endogenously), the most prosperous are those who make accurate predictions. Hence, convergence to rational expectations obtains because agents who make inaccurate predictions are driven out of the market.     

论中印两国要素积累对服务贸易比较优势的影响

本文比较了中印两国服务贸易比较优势和贸易模式的差异,并在HO理论的基础上,就中印两国要素积累对服务贸易出口增长的影响作了时间序列分析,发现两国服务贸易比较优势的来源不同:前者来源于其丰裕的劳动力,而后者来源于人力资本。上述分析为中印两国服务贸易部门存在的比较优势差异提供了一个基于要素因素的解释,并得出人力资本的快速积累能够为一国增强现代服务贸易部门的比较优势提供有利条件的结论。     

构建“一体三桥”学习模式,探索素质培养途径

构建＂一体三桥＂学习模式目的是：探讨怎样把知识积累与能力培养过程视为一个整体,在这个过程中如何架设好基础课、专业基础课、专业理论课和专业实践课四大类课程之间＂三座桥梁＂,促进大学生知识与能力协调发展,培养高素质人才的有效途径。     

四川盆地嘉陵江组天然气藏的形成与演化研究

三叠统嘉陵江组碳酸盐岩是四川盆地内重要的产层之一。对嘉陵江组天然气组成和碳同位素特征的分析表明：嘉陵江组的天然气干燥系数大,热演化程度高,油型气和煤型气混源特征明显,但川中地区除外,主要为高熟油型气。经盆地区域构造活动和成藏要素分析,恢复了嘉陵江组天然气成藏过程,建立了川中、川东和川南地区典型构造带嘉陵江组天然气的成藏模式,发现嘉陵江组气藏均经历了古油藏—古气藏—现今气藏的漫长演化过程,与印支运动、燕山运动和喜马拉雅运动密切相关。四川盆地嘉陵江组天然气成藏遵循：高压驱动,流体跨层流动,断层裂缝疏导,膏盖油裂解气成藏的规律。