Values in Middle Childhood: Social and Genetic Contributions

Theories of value development often identify adolescence as the period for value formation, and cultural and familial factors as the sources for value priorities. However, recent research suggests that value priorities can be observed as early as in middle childhood, and several studies, including one on preadolescents, have suggested a genetic contribution to individual differences in values. In the current study, 174 pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic seven‐year‐old Israeli twins completed the Picture‐based Value Survey for Children (PBVS–C). We replicated basic patterns of relations between value priorities and variables of socialization—gender, religiosity, and socioeconomic status—that have been found in studies with adults. Most important, values of Self‐transcendence, Self‐enhancement, and Conservation, were found to be significantly affected by genetic factors (29 percent, 47 percent, and 31 percent, respectively), as well as non‐shared environment (71 percent, 53 percent, and 69 percent, respectively). Openness to change values, in contrast, were found to be unaffected by genetic factors at this age and were influenced by shared (19 percent) and non‐shared (81 percent) environment. These findings support the recent view that values are formed at earlier ages than had been assumed previously, and they further our understanding of the genetic and environmental factors involved in value formation at young ages.     

高铁时代广深双城及其与腹地城市联动关系识别的证据

得益于两个大局战略推进,地处东部沿海开放前沿地带的广州、深圳双城获得了先发之机.历时30余年,广深两大中心城市地位已经确立,并且在发展中不断得以巩固.不同的是,广州地位之确立是历史的再现,深圳市则是改革与开放政策催生的新兴城市.通过借鉴经典引力模型,结合广深城市体系发展实践,确立珠三角地区的中心城市,甄别联动关系.测算结果发现,虽采取不同算法,城市关系及位序法则却保持着一致性.给定中心城市,也就能够识别腹地城市数和区域范围.实证检验发现:高铁确实产生了珠三角城市间的联动效应,并使广深的辐射能力正在逐步增强,而且强化了普通铁路和高速公路所能够产生的增长驱动力.换言之,广深双城对腹地城市的辐射效应要远大于虹吸效应,整体联动和抱团发展的局面已经打开.当使用铁路列车班次并赋予权重计算的城市联系指数进行再检验,该实证结果仍然稳健.政策含义:充分发挥快速铁路的联动能力,划定中心城市辐射范围,在集聚中走向平衡,重新理清政府和市场的作用与反作用关系.     

乙烯精馏塔热泵流程的模拟

利用ASPEN PLUS软件,对常规乙烯精馏塔的操作工况进行了模拟。在此基础上,提出了该精馏塔的两种开式热泵流程并作了模拟计算,确定了以上两种开式热泵流程的操作条件。计算结果表明,与乙烯常规精馏相比,A型开式热泵流程可节能24.9％,B型开式热泵流程可节能12.6％。     

制浆蒸煮过程分析及其节能途径

本文给出了制浆造纸蒸煮设备炯平衡和效率计算的一般方法,结合实例对蒸煮过程进行炯分析,在此基础上提出了采用蒸汽喷射式热泵回收排放浆液闪蒸蒸汽的可行方案.     

小波变换的齿轮泵故障分析

通过对齿轮油泵结构、性能的分析,以泵在正常运行和不同的故障状态下输出压力为信号,提出了基于小波变换的方法来提取和分离输出压力信号,并利用小波分解的方法诊断输出压力信号中包含的故障信息。以此对常用齿轮泵作仿真和试验,所呈现的压力信号三层小波分解系数均不相同,而第三层小波分解系数的差异尤其明显。因此,可利用第三层小波分解系数有效地诊断或甄别齿轮泵运行的状态和隐匿的故障,有利于掌握诊断的主动性,具有较强的实用性。     

微型化弹簧容积泵的设计

针对医学和其他工程实践领域对液压泵的低转速、结构简单、体积小等特殊要求,基于传统叶片泵进行结构改造,采用滑块代替普通叶片的形式,并用弹簧作为动力源,提出了一种微型化弹簧容积泵,并对泵体结构展开了相关计算和性能分析,证明其不仅结构简单,满足低转速工作和医学或其他工程实践领域需求,而且对环境的适应能力更强。     

From the Editor

This study examined risk factors associated with self-reported health (SRH) in a genetically informative sample of older African American female twins. An interview was conducted with a national sample of 180 African American female twin pairs. Questions included: SRH, demographics, health behaviors, chronic diseases, and functional status. SRH was dichotomized into negative (fair/poor) and positive (good/very good/excellent). Logistic regression for clustered data was used to estimate the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. In multivariable analyses, IADL limitations (OR?=?1.5, 95% CI?=?1.7–2.0) and a chronic disease index (OR?=?1.9, 95% CI?=?1.4–2.5) were associated with negative SRH. In multivariate within-twin pair analysis, controlling for genetics/shared familial environment, IADLs (OR?=?1.8, 95% CI?=?1.1–2.7), and increasing numbers of chronic diseases (OR?=?2.0, 95% CI?=?1.3–3.2) remained significantly associated with negative SRH.     

负荷传感叶片泵静动态特性分析及其应用研究

本文在对负荷传感功率匹配叶片泵静动态分析与台架试验的基础上,对由该泵所组成的功率匹配小型塑料注射机液压系统进行了现场联机试验和测试,取得了十分可观的节能效果。     

磁电弹双材料中的螺位错

研究无限大磁电双材料中的螺位错问题。使用镜像位错法，得到了位错产生的弹性场、电场和磁场以及作用在位错上的像力。结果表明，两相之间的相互作用使得位错可以引起电场和磁场，这种现象对于单相磁电弹材料是不存在的。详细分析了压电-压磁双材料中应力场、电位移和磁感应强度的特性以及位错与界面的相互作用。     

What Difference Does the Dependence Between Durations Make? Insights for Population Studies of Aging

The interpretation of age-specific changes in hazards, relative risks, genetic parameters and other indicators of aging calculated from data on related individuals should take into account the regularities of bivariate selection. Due to such selection the hazard rate calculated for twins who have survived to a certain age may be lower than for singletons, even if marginal chances of survival for all individuals are the same. In a mixed population of relatives the proportion of pairs with closer family links increases with age, even if all marginal individual chances of survival are the same. The proportion of chronic conditions for MZ twins observed in a cross-sectional study may be different from that of DZ twins. The age-dependence of relative risks calculated in genetic-epidemiological studies of twins does not necessarily reflect changes in genetic influence on individual susceptibility to disease and death during the aging process. The age-related changes in heritability of susceptibility estimated in twin studies may have nothing to do with changes in the genetic determination of diseases with age. These issues are illustrated by empirical graphs together with the results of modeling and statistical analysis.