试论东西方经济学的关系及其意义

经济学是随着市场经济的产生、发展和完善而产生发展和完善的社会科学。现代经济学并存着东方经济学和西方经济学两种体系 ,它们都为人类的发展和进步 ,做过巨大的贡献 ;二者之间存在着深远的历史渊源 ,也存在着明显的区别     

Stepwise Regression in Mixed Quantitative Linear Models with Autocorrelated Errors

ABSTRACT

In the stepwise procedure of selection of a fixed or a random explanatory variable in a mixed quantitative linear model with errors following a Gaussian stationary autocorrelated process, we have studied the efficiency of five estimators relative to Generalized Least Squares (GLS): Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Maximum Likelihood (ML), Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML), First Differences (FD), and First-Difference Ratios (FDR). We have also studied the validity and power of seven derived testing procedures, to assess the significance of the slope of the candidate explanatory variable x ₂ to enter the model in which there is already one regressor x ₁. In addition to five testing procedures of the literature, we considered the FDR t-test with n ? 3 df and the modified t-test with n? ? 3 df for partial correlations, where n? is Dutilleul's effective sample size. Efficiency, validity, and power were analyzed by Monte Carlo simulations, as functions of the nature, fixed vs. random (purely random or autocorrelated), of x ₁ and x ₂, the sample size and the autocorrelation of random terms in the regression model. We report extensive results for the autocorrelation structure of first-order autoregressive [AR(1)] type, and discuss results we obtained for other autocorrelation structures, such as spherical semivariogram, first-order moving average [MA(1)] and ARMA(1,1), but we could not present because of space constraints. Overall, we found that:

1. the efficiency of slope estimators and the validity of testing procedures depend primarily on the nature of x ₂, but not on that of x ₁;

2. FDR is the most inefficient slope estimator, regardless of the nature of x ₁ and x ₂;

3. REML is the most efficient of the slope estimators compared relative to GLS, provided the specified autocorrelation structure is correct and the sample size is large enough to ensure the convergence of its optimization algorithm;

4. the FDR t-test, the modified t-test and the REML t-test are the most valid of the testing procedures compared, despite the inefficiency of the FDR and OLS slope estimators for the former two;

5. the FDR t-test, however, suffers from a lack of power that varies with the nature of x ₁ and x ₂; and

6. the modified t-test for partial correlations, which does not require the specification of an autocorrelation structure, can be recommended when x ₁ is fixed or random and x ₂ is random, whether purely random or autocorrelated. Our results are illustrated by the environmental data that motivated our work.

     

依法规制与有效参与的统一——《城乡规划法》的价值取向探析

2008年的《城乡规划法》突破了《城市规划法》的立法框架,实现了法律内容的创新,是时空发展新要求的具体体现。从公法角度看,新法最为鲜明的特征在于价值取向的拓新:城乡规划从物质空间设计到公共政策属性的性质变迁要求对规划权力依法规制,规划领域利益结构的多元化要求公众有效参与规划的权利。由此《城乡规划法》的价值取向不是单一的,而是依法规制与有效参与的统一。     

带电颗粒悬浮液有效交流复电导率

本文将配置法应用于研究带电粒子悬浮液的有效交流复电导率．研究表明，在相当宽的粒子浓度范围内，配置方法十分有效．配置方法不受悬浮液中两相介质的介电系数相等这一条件的限制，从而为进一步研究带电颗粒悬浮液的宏观物理性质提供了一条有效的途径．     

论高校图书馆的公共关系效应与实现途径

公共关系是一门“内求团结 ,外求发展”的经营管理科学的艺术。高校图书馆运用好公共关系 ,有助于自身良好形象的树立 ,有助于“四大职能”的履行 ,有助于良好人际关系的形成。高校图书馆要树立公关意识 ,尊重馆员及读者 ,广集开发信息、搞好沟通 ,多渠道进行宣传 ,这是实现公共关系效应较理想的途径。     

现阶段村务公开存在的问题及对策

村务公开制度,是实现村民自治“民主管理、民主监督”目标的最关键的内容.但是,从目前情况看,由于受各方面因素的制约,村务公开还存在许多问题,需要采取有力的措施,以确保村务公开的规范化、制度化.     

初中英语口语教学存在的问题及对策研究

长期以来初中英语口语教学存在着诸多fq题,如学生没有足够的口语练习训练,课堂教学模式单一化,学生缺少自信等。其原因既有学生层面的,也有教师层面的。因此,应采取相应对策以提高中学英语口语教学的效果。     

言语交际的三个层次

在构建了“言语交际的基本模式”和“言语交际的复合模式”的基础上,进一步提出了言语交际的三个层次：“有效的言语交际”、“成功的言语交际”和“理想的言语交际”。周礼全的“语言交际图式”,实有简化、调整和增补之修订必要。     

学校德育与心理健康教育的有效结合

心理健康教育与德育是学校教育工作中的重要方面,它们有着共同的教育目标,即培养德、智、体、美全面发展和人格健全的人。如何采取有效的途径和方法把两者结合来帮助青少年健康成长,对学校教育和学生来说都是非常迫切和有必要的。心理健康教育和德育紧密联系,相互影响,互相不可替代,只有把两者有效结合,才能更好地开展素质教育,培养具有健全人格的创新性人才。     

Does political orientation affect economic indicators in the Czech Republic?

The article evaluates the relationship between the tax burden on labor and magic quadrangle indicators in the Czech Republic in the years 1993 through 2020. The article examines whether indicators such as the effective rate or tax rate on labor affect the macro-economic indicators of the magic quadrangle. The originality of this study lies in the fact that it deals with the influence of political factors. The analysis shows the strongest correlation between the growth of gross domestic product and the implicit tax rate on labor. Moreover, the study finds that the factor with the most significant – and surprising – bearing on the findings is that fact that right-wing Parliament behaved like left-wing parties. The conclusions reached by this study further underline the significance of the tax burden on labor on the selected magic quadrangle indicators.