“必要数据”原则的构建——从必要设施原则与数字市场的兼容性谈起

必要设施原则在数字垄断应用中有其新的生命力，但是数字市场的双边市场和动态竞争的特点极大程度地影响了传统反垄断法相关概念适用于数字市场，进而影响了必要设施的界定和适用。文章提出的解决方案是建立适用于数字市场的“必要数据”原则：首先，从排除竞争的角度明确数据垄断的判断标准；其次，将数据竞争力转化为信息竞争力，将数据开放的范畴限定为市场上效率相近的竞争企业，通过加工获得的信息不具有可替代性，进而导致市场进入壁垒的一类数据；最后，应用效率抗辩以警惕对数字市场竞争的消极影响。     

Private Support and Public Assistance for Immigrant Families

This paper examines private support and its relationship with public assistance among immigrant families, using native counterparts as a benchmark. It introduces spatial contexts to the set of conventional determinants (socioeconomic conditions, migration experiences, and nativity groups) of receiving private and public support and their potential substitutability. Examining private support reveals that immigrants have less access than natives to private support, and that both majority contact and coethnic contact increase their opportunity for private support. Examining private support and public assistance jointly reveals that, unlike Filipino and Korean backgrounds, which have a weak substitutability effect that increases the probability of receiving private support relative to public assistance, immigrants' coethnic contact does not have such a substitutability effect at all.     

Measuring the Impact of Increased Product Substitution on Pricing and Capacity Decisions Under Linear Demand Models

We consider two substitutable products and compare two alternative measures of product substitutability for linear demand functions that are commonly used in the literature. While one leads to unrealistically high prices and profits as products become more substitutable, the results obtained using the other measure are in line with intuition. Using the more appropriate measure of product substitutability, we study the optimal investment mix in flexible and dedicated capacities in both monopoly and oligopoly settings. We find that the optimal investment in manufacturing flexibility tends to decrease as the products become closer substitutes; this is because (1) pricing can be used more effectively to balance supply and demand, and (2) the gains obtained by shifting production to the more profitable product are reduced due to increased correlation between the price potentials of the substitutable products. The value of flexibility always increases with demand variability. We also show that, as long as the optimal investments in dedicated capacity for both products are positive, the optimal expected prices and production quantities do not depend on the cost of the flexible capacity. Manufacturing flexibility simply allows the firm to achieve those expected values with lower capacity, while leading to higher expected profits.     

欧元与国际货币体系的稳定性研究

对历史上出现的各种国际货币体系的不稳定因素进行了分析,并对欧元与美元的竞争均衡进行了模型与实证研究,指出欧元的出现对国际传统的汇率体系造成了一定的冲击,给国际货币体系带来了暂时的不稳定,但随着欧元区经济的进一步融合,欧元能起到稳定国际货币体系的作用。     

供应链中纵向信息获取和横向信息共享策略研究

研究由一个制造商和两个零售商组成的二级供应链中,零售商之间的横向信息共享策略和制造商的信息获取以及最优定价问题。在模型中,制造商同时为两家零售商提供等价商品,零售商向消费者销售商品且进行价格竞争。以Bertrand博弈为研究手段,求解了零售商的均衡销售价格、订货量决策和信息共享策略,制造商的最大利润和最优批发价格,以及供应链利润。分析比较了在制造商不同的信息获取策略下,零售商、制造商和供应链的利润。研究表明,零售商之间完全信息共享始终为占优策略。但制造商获取下游信息时会使得自身利润增加,零售商利润减少,因此零售商不会主动把信息共享给制造商。考虑到下游的边界均衡解,供应链的利润变化还与市场的不确定性和产品的替代性有关。当产品替代性较高或产品替代率较低且市场的不确定性处于中间水平时,制造商获取信息后供应链利润增加,此时制造商可以用部分增加的利润成功购买零售商信息。该模型为上游制造商提供了最优定价和信息获取策略,也为下游零售商提供了求解自身最优销售价格、订货量和信息共享决策的方法。     

Bayesian inference in the triangular cointegration model using a jeffreys prior

This paper presents a strategy for conducting Bayesian inference in the triangular cointegration model. A Jeffreys prior is used to circumvent an identification problem in the parameter region in which there is a near lack of cointegration. Sampling experiments are used to compare the repeated sampling performance of the approach with alternative classical cointegration methods. The Bayesian procedure is applied to testing for substitution between private and public consumption for a range of countries, with posterior estimates produced via Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulators.     

基于信息可替代性的评价指标筛选研究

提出一种指标筛选方法,旨在筛选出对评价结果影响显著、反映信息重叠程度低的评价指标。以相对离散系数作为指标的信息含量,依据提出的累计信息贡献率标准删除信息含量明显偏小的指标进行指标的初筛,克服现有研究仅利用相对离散系数进行指标筛选的不足。借鉴聚类分析的思想,取初筛后保留下来的一个指标与其余各指标构成Person相关系数平方的均值,反映该指标的信息可被其余全部指标替代的程度。通过信息可替代性标准剔除信息可替代性较大的指标,保证最终被保留的指标间反映的信息重叠程度低,克服现有研究仅通过两个指标间的相关性筛选指标难以有效降低评价指标集信息重叠的不足。此外,针对剔除信息重叠的指标与剔除对评价结果影响不显著的指标何者优先为宜的问题,提出了显著再相关的指标筛选标准。最后,通过一个实例说明指标筛选方法的可行性。     

基于不同补贴主体的新能源汽车制造商定价决策研究

基于政府目前对新能源汽车消费者及制造商实施补贴的现实背景，假设两家技术水平不等的新能源汽车制造商所生产的产品之间存在替代关系，将制造商产品之间的价格和质量差异纳入考虑范围，构建了新能源汽车制造商最优定价模型，求解了在不同补贴方式下的最优定价方式，并在均衡状态下对模型进行了数值模拟和分析。研究结果表明，在不同补贴方式下，制造商将根据市场竞争环境和补贴投入的变化情况采取不同的定价策略。政府针对消费者的补贴可以使技术水平相对落后的制造商获得更高利润，促使更多的制造商进入新能源汽车产业。对制造商的补贴可以使较高技术水平的制造商获得更高利润，从而促进新能源汽车产业的优胜劣汰。政府补贴主体应由消费者逐步转向制造商，通过政策引导制造商和消费者进一步增进其对新能源汽车质量的重视程度，推动新能源汽车产业的良性发展。