中学生课业负担过重的原因与对策

中学生课业负担过重 ,有其现实的社会物质根源和传统意识根源 ,有学校内部因素和社会环境因素的相互影响。减轻学生课业负担 ,需要加大教育投入 ,转变教育观念 ,创新评估机制 ,提高教师的职业道德素质和业务水平。     

农村公共产品生产与农民负担问题

在农民与乡村组织的长期交易过程中,不管农民在改革前后有没有意识到负担的存在及其严重程度,农村公共产品的决策机制还是无情地让弱势农民承担了大部分农村公共产品的生产。农村税费改革与农业税取消的政策从根本上减轻了农民负担,然而与此同时,一贯依赖于农民负担的农村公共事务与公益事业的处境也将更加尴尬。只有选择好与农村发展要求相适应的公共产品生产路径,才能切实减轻农民负担。     

企业经营管理中的税收筹划

税收筹划的存在具有客观必然性,它是市场经济的必然产物,是纳税人应有的权利,是企业理财的有效途径。企业的筹资、投资和经营等诸多环节与活动都与纳税有关,因此税收筹划在企业经营管理中的运用是全方位的,它贯穿于企业整个经营管理活动的始终。企业要进行税收筹划必须要全面掌握税法,正确认识税收筹划与避税的区别,避免纸上谈兵。     

Determinants of housing quality: A comparison of white,African-American,and Hispanic single-parent women

This study examines housing quality among three groups of single-parent women: white, African-American, and Hispanic. Three indicators of housing quality—crowding, affordability, and satisfaction—are used to discover the extent to which these groups experience housing problems. This study also explores differences and similarities in the factors that precipitate problems in housing quality for these three groups of single parents. Findings suggest important differences and similarities in the nature of housing quality problems among white, African-American, and Hispanic single-parent women. The specified variables explained about 20% of the variance in crowding, housing affordability, and housing satisfaction. On measures of objective and subjective housing quality, white single mothers are better housed than their African-American or Hispanic counterparts. Hispanic single mothers have the largest housing cost burden and average more persons per household than the other groups. African-Americans are twice as likely as either group to live in low-quality housing and reported the lowest average satisfaction with their housing. Her research interests include housing and neighborhood assessment and women and public policy issues. She has recently published articles inUrban Affairs Quarterly andHousing and Society on housing and neighborhood assessment criteria among black urban households and the housing cost burden of various groups of female-headed households. She received her Ph.D. from Ohio State University. Her research interests include the housing adjustment behavior of women and public policy. She has recently completed her thesis on the role of noncustodial parents in determining the quality of life of their children. She is also the recipient of the Tessie Agan Award for research excellence from the American Association of Housing Educators for a paper titled “Unterstanding Constraints and Residential Satisfaction among Low-Income Single-Parent Families.”     

冗员失业、社会负担与国有企业效率

影响国有企业效率的因素有很多,其中制度因素最为重要。而在传统的国有企业制度下,冗员失业和社会负担又是制约企业效率提高的关键。时至今日,这个问题仍是国有企业进行减员增效改革、实施战略性重组的最大障碍。从理论上研究冗员失业对企业效率的影响,并结合我国实际情况分析社会负担给国有企业造成的压力,以强化社会保障为突破口,提出解决冗员失业和社会负担问题、提高国有企业效率的具体对策。     

缓解我国就业压力的重要途径--再谈农村工业化

工业化包括农村工业化,片面的工业化和单向的农村———城市人口流动模式都不能解决农村剩余劳动力就业问题。为充分就业找到新途径,关键在于对传统农业的改造和加速农村工业化发展。     

2001年农村热点问题研究综述

文章选取了 2 0 0 1年农村热点问题中有代表性的问题加以研究论述 ,总结了学界在农民教育、村民自治、农民负担等方面的研究情况 ,并进行了简单的评述 ,对于了解有关问题的进展 ,为进一步研究理清思路 ,提供参考     

浅议精神损害赔偿举证责任制度的完善

作者分析了精神损害赔偿举证责任问题的现状,认为精神损害赔偿案件的受害者在事实上存在着举证困难的问题,如果局限于传统的民事诉讼举证责任原则,作为受害方可能无法进行有效的举证。因此,应当对精神损害赔偿举证责任问题作出特别规定,以切实维护受害者的合法权益。为了提高我国精神损害赔偿制度中的司法裁判的统一性,有效的保障当事人的合法权益,在精神损害赔偿案件中,应该从三个方面完善我国精神损害赔偿的举证责任制度:首先,慎重对待精神损害赔偿案件中的事实推定;其次,细化精神损害赔偿案件中的举证责任;第三,确立精神损害标准化的制度。     

试论适航责任

自《海牙规则》采用恪尽职责使船舶适航的责任以来,该责任已被大多数国家所采纳。适航责任的概念、构成、举证与责任承担等问题对认定承运人是否违反适航义务非常重要,《海牙规则》部分地解决了关于适航责任的争议问题。     

举证责任分配理论之重构

从法律解释学的角度重新分析举证责任分配的本质。分析了举证责任分配的理论依据,阐释举证责任分配的理由;运用法律行为的相关理论证明举证责任分配的实体法解释的本质;从法律解释学的角度重新构造了举证责任分配。