Translating cross-lagged effects into incidence rates and risk ratios: The case of psychosocial safety climate and depression

Longitudinal studies are the gold standard of empirical work and stress research whenever experiments are not plausible. Frequently, scales are used to assess risk factors and their consequences, and cross-lagged effects are estimated to determine possible risks. Methods to translate cross-lagged effects into risk ratios to facilitate risk assessment do not yet exist, which creates a divide between psychological and epidemiological work stress research. The aim of the present paper is to demonstrate how cross-lagged effects can be used to assess the risk ratio of different levels of psychosocial safety climate (PSC) in organisations, an important psychosocial risk for the development of depression. We used available longitudinal evidence from the Australian Workplace Barometer (N?=?1905) to estimate cross-lagged effects of PSC on depression. We applied continuous time modelling to obtain time-scalable cross effects. These were further investigated in a 4-year Monte Carlo simulation, which translated them into 4-year incident rates. Incident rates were determined by relying on clinically relevant 2-year periods of depression. We suggest a critical value of PSC?=?26 (corresponding to ?1.4 SD), which is indicative of more than 100% increased incidents of persistent depressive disorder in 4-year periods compared to average levels of PSC across 4 years.     

Comparison of labour and birth outcomes between nulliparous women who used epidural analgesia in labour and those who did not: A prospective cohort study

ObjectiveTo compare labour and birth outcomes between nulliparous women who used versus did not use intrapartum epidural analgesia.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingTwo maternity hospitals in Ireland.PopulationA total of 1221 nulliparous women who gave birth vaginally or by emergency caesarean section.MethodsMultinomial logistic regression was used to analyse categorical outcomes, with results presented as ratios of relative risks (RRR). For dichotomous outcomes we used logistic regression, with results presented as odds ratios (OR).Main outcome measuresMode of birth, IV syntocinon use, pyrexia (≥38 °C), antibiotic treatment, first stage labour ≥10 h, second stage labour ≥2 h, blood loss (≥500 mls, ≥1000 mls), perineal trauma. Neonatal outcomes included Apgar score ≥7 at 1 min and 5 min, admission to neonatal intensive care unit, and infant feeding method.ResultsWomen using EA were more likely to require a vacuum-assisted birth (RRR 3.35, p < 0.01) or forceps-assisted birth (RRR 11.69, p < 0.01). Exposure to EA was associated with significantly greater risk of ≥10 h first (OR 6.72, p = 0.01) and ≥2 h second (OR 2.25, p < 0.01) stage labour, increased likelihood of receiving IV syntocinon (OR 9.38, p < 0.01), antibiotics (OR 2.97, p < 0.01) and a greater probability of pyrexia (OR 10.26, p < 0.01). Women who used EA were half as likely to be breastfeeding at three months postpartum (OR 0.53, p < 0.01). No differences were observed between groups in neonatal outcomes.ConclusionsOur data shows significant associations between EA use and several intrapartum outcomes.     

Evaluation of an intervention supporting breastfeeding among late-preterm infants during in-hospital stay

BackgroundLate-preterm infants show lower breastfeeding rates when compared with term infants. Current practice is to keep them in low-risk wards where clinical guidelines to support breastfeeding are well established for term infants but can be insufficient for late-preterm.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate an intervention supporting breastfeeding among late-preterm infants in a maternity service in the Basque Country, Spain.MethodsThe intervention was designed to promote parents’ education and involvement, provide a multidisciplinary approach and decision-making, and avoid separation of the mother-infant dyad. A quasi-experimental study was conducted with a control (n = 212) and an intervention group (n = 161). Data was collected from clinical records from November 2012 to January 2015. Feeding rate at discharge, breast-pump use, incidence of morbidities, infant weight loss and hospital stay length were compared between the two groups.ResultsInfants in the control group were 50.7% exclusive breastfeeding, 37.8% breastfeeding, and, 11.5% formula feeding at discharge, whereas in the intervention group, frequencies were 68.4%, 25.9%, and 5.7%, respectively (p = 0.002). Mothers in the intervention group were 2.66 times more likely to use the breast-pump after almost all or all feeds and 2.09 times more likely to exclusively breastfeed at discharge. There were no significant differences in morbidities and infant weight loss between groups. Hospital stay was longer for infants who required phototherapy in the intervention group (p = 0.009).ConclusionThe intervention resulted in a higher breastfeeding rate at discharge. Interventions aimed to provide specific support among late-pretem infants in maternity services are effective.     

谈新时期图书馆员的继续教育

从分析太原理工大学图书馆人员现状入手 ,结合国内外图书馆员继续教育发展状况 ,提出图书馆开展继续教育的具体措施 :进行在职教育和在职培训     

Bayesian analysis of discrete time warranty data

Summary.  The analysis of warranty claim data, and their use for prediction, has been a topic of active research in recent years. Field data comprising numbers of units returned under guarantee are examined, covering both situations in which the ages of the failed units are known and in which they are not. The latter case poses particular computational problems for likelihood-based methods because of the large number of feasible failure patterns that must be included as contributions to the likelihood function. For prediction of future warranty exposure, which is of central concern to the manufacturer, the Bayesian approach is adopted. For this, Markov chain Monte Carlo methodology is developed.     

职业地位取得的社会性别差异

本文从描述被调查夫妇之间职业流动的性别差异出发，分别勾画出他们的地位实现模型。首先验证了不论性别，教育地位都是决定职业地位实现的首要变量；但也正是在教育地位的实现和向上流动(再求学)中，伴随婚姻生育等生命事件的发生，无形的结构性制度因素(意识形态层面的性别制度、性别规范和性别文化)正如后现代主义试图解构的那样依然支配着性别角色的社会化和继续社会化，使扮演双重角色的妻子或无意识地或有意识地遭遇了丈夫不为之所累的两难困境，并最终阻碍了女性的教育地位、既而是职业地位的实现。本文最后提出了三点建议和几个尚待解决的问题。     

几个一致连续的充要条件

本文利用极限定义及归结原则等方法,给出了几个一致连续的充要条件,得到了判定函数一致连续的有效方法。     

对我国刑法立法中承认连续犯的质疑

刑法理论通说基于我国刑法第89条追诉时效的规定,认为我国刑法中承认连续犯的观点,是对连续犯的一种曲解。对我国刑法中是否承认连续犯的考察,须从连续犯的理论入手,并考察实体法和程序法的相关规定,而我国现行刑事立法中目前还不具备连续犯的立法土壤。因我国刑法对同种数罪不实行并罚,连续犯与同种数罪的区分并无司法实践上的意义。     

连续时延神经网络的Hopf分岔现象研究

讨论了带连续时延神经网络的Hopf分岔现象。对于强核和弱核的情况,利用平均时延作为分岔参数,证明了模型经历了Hopf分岔过程。在带弱核的神经网络模型中,得到了分岔周期解稳定性准则。给出了一些数值例子,通过计算机仿真验证了所得结论的正确性。     

高校财会人员继续教育问题

通过论述知识经济时代、经济全球化时代高校财会人员应不断地更新知识,接受继续教育的必要性和迫切性,分析当前高校财会人员继续教育中存在的主要问题,提出了加强高校财务人员继续教育问题的对策.