Conditional time-dependent nonparametric estimators with an application to healthcare production function

ABSTRACT

By using the probabilistic framework of production efficiency, the paper develops time-dependent conditional efficiency estimators performing a non-parametric frontier analysis. Specifically, by applying both full and quantile (robust) time-dependent conditional estimators, it models the dynamic effect of health expenditure on countries’ technological change and technological catch-up levels. The results from the application reveal that the effect of per capita health expenditure on countries’ technological change and technological catch-up is nonlinear and is subject to countries’ specific income levels.     

农村居民看病难、看病贵原因实证分析

利用扩展的线性支出系统模型(ELES),采用最小二乘法估计计算了我国农村居民的短期医疗服务需求价格弹性。研究结果表明:农村居民的短期医疗服务需求价格缺乏弹性。由于农村居民的短期医疗服务需求价格缺乏弹性,加上我国目前医疗体制存在的以药养医和医疗机构的逐利行为以及医疗市场缺乏有效的监管等问题,导致农村居民看病难、看病贵。解决这个问题,需要国家增加对卫生领域的投入,降低农民看病时自费的比例,增强卫生市场的竞争性,适当使医疗卫生资源向农村地区倾斜,并逐渐把医疗机构办成非盈利机构。     

辩证地认识政府预算收支的平衡原则

政府预算收支原则 ,是政府组织预算收入 ,按排预算支出的指导思想。平衡原则是我国预算收支的支配性原则。本文辩证的分析了非均衡原则的缺陷 ,平衡原则对经济的调节功能及存在的局限性 ,从理念论述了政府预算平衡应选择的辩证方式     

延边地方财政对区域经济增长的影响

在延边地方财政支出结构中,生产性支出的比重相对低,这对区域经济增长会产生短期效果影响。利用区域经济增长与地方财政支出之间因果关系模型实证分析延边地区的结果,证实了这一结论。为了区域经济的稳定增长,延边地区应适当提高生产性支出的比重。     

民主与法治：财政支出监督中的问题与对策

财政支出的监督是宪法和法律规定的一项重要的法律制度，监督是财政得以正确实施的保护伞。文章分析了当前我国财政监督法律制度的缺失，提出相应的对策，阐明了财政支出监督的重要性和紧迫性。     

政府公共支出与中国经济增长——基于VAR方法的研究

基于协整理论和向量误差修正模型,考察了政府公共支出对中国经济增长的长期影响及二者之间的互动关系.研究发现:(1)多项公共支出变量为非平稳的二阶单整并与总产出及全社会固定资本形成额等经济变量存在长期均衡关系;(2)非生产性支出与经济增长正相关,生产性支出、政府机构支出与经济增长负相关;(3)非生产性支出是经济增长的长期原因,而经济增长只是政府机构支出增加的长期原因.经济增长反方向促进非生产性支出和生产性支出增加在统计学上并不显著.     

Testing Wagner's Law in India: A cointegration and causality analysis

The present study empirically analyzes the validity of Wagner's Law for Indian economy. With the use of annual time series data from 1970–71 to 2013–14, all the six versions of Wagner's Law have been analyzed to test the relationship between government expenditure and gross domestic product. Wagner's Law states that the economic growth is the causative factor of the growth of the public expenditure. The study applied the unit root test and cointegration test to find the long-run relationship between government expenditure and gross domestic product. The present study employed the various econometric techniques such as unit root test, cointegration, and causality analysis for empirical analysis. The empirical analysis under study inferred mixed results of Wagner's Law for Indian economy, where four versions, namely Peacock, Gupta, Guffman, and Musgrave, found valid for Indian economy. The study concluded that the Wagner's Law is valid for the Indian economy except the Pryor and Mann Versions of the Wagner's Law.     

从分税制到项目制:制度演进和组织机制

分税制改革以后，中国随之进行了公共预算体制改革，由此形成了一种新的国家治理体制——项目制。地方政府的项目支出主要有三种类型：上级专项转移支付、上级非补助性项目支出和本级项目支出。三类项目支出在地方得以汇聚和重组，在很大程度上形塑了基层政府的财政结构。项目制本质上不是对科层制的一种摆脱或超越，而是国家主动对政府科层体系的一次完善和补充，是近代国家政权建设在新时期的延续与拓展。项目制的直接目的是“硬化”预算约束，深层目的是增强政府的回应能力，二者在实践中呈现一定张力，政府治理的理性化和技术化并不必然增强其对公共需求的回应能力，甚至可能形成反向效应。     

中国地方高校生均经费不均衡性研究

当前,地方普通高校是中国高等教育的主体,但各地地方普通高等学校财政性投资差异明显。生均经费是衡量教育投入增长的重要指标,通过对省际间地方高等学校生均预算内教育经费、分地区地方院校生均预算内教育经费水平和各省区财政支持度三个方面进行比较,能够对各地区高等教育生均经费不均衡的现状及成因有更科学、清晰的认识。     

Myths and realities about input subsidies in sub‐Saharan Africa

Using a recent public expenditure dataset, this article proposes a ‘reality check’ of the level and composition of input subsidies in nine African countries between 2006 and 2013. Results show that input subsidies (1) received close to 35% of agricultural‐specific expenditure on average and (2) cover a variety of interventions, including investments in capital, such as on‐farm irrigation, and in on‐farm services, such as inspection or training. Further, the figures show that input subsidies tended to become entrenched in agricultural budgets over time, leading to sub‐optimal execution rates, and were primarily funded by the national taxpayer, while donors invested more in public goods. Findings confirm that input subsidies crowded out other spending categories likely to be more supportive of long‐term agricultural development objectives. The article concludes that the political economy of input subsidies should be directed to making more concrete efforts to attain a better balance of public expenditure on agriculture. Furthermore, policy‐makers should aim to increase the efficiency and policy coherence of input subsidies, since merely abolishing them is likely to be unfeasible in the short term.