Linearity,symmetry, and equidistance in semantic differential scales for measuring images of self and images of others

ABSTRACT

Violations of linearity, symmetry, and equidistance of scale points in semantic differential scales may be due to respondents failing to figure out antonyms, to a positivity bias, or to respondents curtailing their reading the options. Multiple correspondence analysis on data provided by a randomized between-subjects experiment (split-ballot), using a web survey of 537 German residents, shows that bipolar semantic differential scales allow for linear measurement and conceal no positivity bias, and that using not suitable adjective pairs in semantic differential scales destroys symmetry.     

The context of employment discrimination: interpreting the findings of a field experiment

Although field experiments have documented the contemporary relevance of discrimination in employment, theories developed to explain the dynamics of differential treatment cannot account for differences across organizational and institutional contexts. In this article, I address this shortcoming by presenting the main empirical findings from a multi‐method research project, in which a field experiment of ethnic discrimination in the Norwegian labour market was complemented with forty‐two in‐depth interviews with employers who were observed in the first stage of the study. While the experimental data support earlier findings in documenting that ethnic discrimination indeed takes place, the qualitative material suggests that theorizing in the field experiment literature have been too concerned with individual and intra‐psychic explanations. Discriminatory outcomes in employment processes seems to be more dependent on contextual factors such as the number of applications received, whether requirements are specified, and the degree to which recruitment procedures are formalized. I argue that different contexts of employment provide different opportunity structures for discrimination, a finding with important theoretical and methodological implications.     

20世纪艺术理论中的再现说

“再现说”是 20世纪中国艺术理论史中占主导地位的艺术理论,它影响了 20世纪中国艺术实践和艺术理论的整体格局,也影响了人们对艺术起源、艺术本质的看法。20世纪中国社会的动荡,使“再现说”为承载社会责任而偏离了艺术对它的要求。因此,要结合各种观点的语境分析其合理性,并结合“表现说”来分析其得失。     

外贸英文函电翻译的特点

外贸英文信函翻译是实现涉外贸易的重要环节,也是外贸函电课程的主要内容之一。本文分析了外贸函电翻译的主要特点以及现阶段外贸函电教学中存在的问题和误区,并提出了相应的解决方法。     

创业企业的成长动力探析

创业企业的成长,具有不同于一般企业的特殊性。创业企业由成立转向成长,"持续创新"的动力起到关键作用。从企业成长的资源决定论出发,分析由制度环境、社会网络、创业者、信息、风险资金、技术或管理成果等等组成的创业企业成长的动力系统。不确定性往往会给创业企业的成长动力带来"侵蚀"效应。进行"战略因应式"变革或创新,是应对不确定性,保证企业持续成长的有效途径。     

Automobile prices and protection: The U.S.-Japan trade restraint

We examine the effects of the U.S.-Japan trade restraint on automobile prices and quality upgrading, for both Japanese imports and American small cars. From April 1981 to April 1984 the suggested retail price of all Japanese models increased by 15.8 percent, or 5.3 percent per year. We find that nearly the entire amount of this rise can be explained by the upgrading of individual models. This upgrading may benefit consumers who would purchase a luxury import in any case, but harms those who desire the basic imports. In addition to upgrading, we conclude that a second cost of the trade restraint has been to prevent the yen depreciation from being passed onto American consumers, in terms of lower imported auto prices. For U.S. small cars we find a 9.1 percent rise in the suggested retail price, or 3 percent per year, with a fraction of this amount due to model upgrading. If the yen depreciation had led to lower import prices without the trade restraint, then we expect that U.S. auto prices would have been lower, too.     

论翻译再现的层次

翻译是一种双语行为。既要侧重于研究原语、解读原文文本,又要侧重于研究译语,在原文与译文文本表现法之间找到一个平衡点。表现法的目的是探讨如何将“获得的意义”落实到得体的目的语文本中。本文着重研究翻译表现法的基本原则,根据译者对意义把握和意义表达程度的深浅,翻译再现的层次可分为表层翻译、中介层翻译和深层翻译。     

墙的变异--试论当代西方建筑流派之变化

任何事物都在发展变化，建筑流派也同样变化着，本文通过对建筑外墙的表象变化的论述，引出建筑流派的变化，阐明这一变化的根源在于建筑哲学的变异，墙的变异可谓当代西方建筑流派变异的“缩影”。     

心理表征及其特征

认知科学的心理表征是有机体环境信息的载体,认知系统具有一种承载信息的内部状态,即中介状态.这种中介状态具有五种特征,即持久性、差异性、抽象性、具有成分结构和受规则控制.讨论心理表征的深层次问题对于说明各种认知能力非常重要.     

Television and Violence in the Economy of Memory

The present paper aims to consider the cultural function of television as a technology for the creation of a public memory. The television system records past images, preserves them, and broadcasts various historical programs. A viewer owns the public memory jointly, through watching/consuming programs. However, the process of production and consumption of programs is linked with the exclusion of other historical memories from the public space. After all, the creation of public memories in depth is related to social power. Through the analysis in concrete terms of a series of programs of Project X and the second episode of the Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK; Japan Broadcasting Corporation) series, Special Edition: Judging War, the relationship between the organization of public memories and social power is explored. Project X depicts the challenges of engineers of middle standing who initiated new industrial and technological developments in the 1960s and 1970s. Special Edition: Judging War is based on coverage of the Women's International War Crimes Tribunal on Japan's Military Sexual Slavery. This program was subjected to revision on the eve of its broadcast. What forms of expression were eliminated? These two programs should help us define more clearly what the Japanese media selects for incorporation into the public memory.