陕北方言的疑问句

陕北方言的疑问句和普通话的疑问句不同 ,只有是非问句、特指问句和选择问句三种 ,且结构格式也不一样。是非问句通常用类似于正反问的“体标记 否定词”格式表示 ;选择问句是在选择项之间嵌入“是”字 ,并于选项末缀体标记 ;特指问句则表现为一系列不同于普通话的特殊疑问代词的使用。同时三种问句格式在语义、语用方面也和普通话的相应形式有一些差别     

国民党对日派遣占领军问题浅析

战后国民党政府对日派遣占领军问题是在美国的亚洲政策及对日政策的影响下提出的,是国民党政府忙于打内战使此问题未果而终。这一结局影响中国战后对日处置一些问题的实施,进而影响战后一段时期亚太地区的国际关系。     

“安乐死”的合法性分析

安乐死历来是个敏感的话题,有关安乐死的争论除在哲学、伦理学、医学等领域展开外,法学界对安乐死从不同的角度发表了不同的观点。近期对这一问题的讨论尤其引人注目,笔者想就此进行分析并进而提出一些自己的看法。     

审判委员会制度的理论架构

对审委会制度的改革,有人主张废除审委会制度为其核心内容;也有人主张目前应在保留的基础上予以改革和完善。废改之争,焦点是研究方法之争。主废和主改各有其弊,应通过立法程序按照“不审不判”的思路重塑审委会制度,明确审委会审判组织的地位,赋予其合议、陪审、咨询、调研四大职能及案件实体决定权和指导权,并建立和完善相应的程序。     

A Unified Approach to the Characterization of Equivalence Classes of DAGs, Chain Graphs with no Flags and Chain Graphs

Abstract.  A Markov property associates a set of conditional independencies to a graph. Two alternative Markov properties are available for chain graphs (CGs), the Lauritzen–Wermuth–Frydenberg (LWF) and the Andersson–Madigan– Perlman (AMP) Markov properties, which are different in general but coincide for the subclass of CGs with no flags . Markov equivalence induces a partition of the class of CGs into equivalence classes and every equivalence class contains a, possibly empty, subclass of CGs with no flags itself containing a, possibly empty, subclass of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). LWF-Markov equivalence classes of CGs can be naturally characterized by means of the so-called largest CGs , whereas a graphical characterization of equivalence classes of DAGs is provided by the essential graphs . In this paper, we show the existence of largest CGs with no flags that provide a natural characterization of equivalence classes of CGs of this kind, with respect to both the LWF- and the AMP-Markov properties. We propose a procedure for the construction of the largest CGs, the largest CGs with no flags and the essential graphs, thereby providing a unified approach to the problem. As by-products we obtain a characterization of graphs that are largest CGs with no flags and an alternative characterization of graphs which are largest CGs. Furthermore, a known characterization of the essential graphs is shown to be a special case of our more general framework. The three graphical characterizations have a common structure: they use two versions of a locally verifiable graphical rule. Moreover, in case of DAGs, an immediate comparison of three characterizing graphs is possible.     

The challenge of pension reform in Georgia: Non‐contributory pensions and elderly poverty

Georgia's national social security system offers almost universal non‐contributory basic pension coverage. The basic pension has, to date, proved effective in dealing with old‐age poverty. But Georgia's fiscal constraints and ageing population also highlight the importance of improving the pension system, in order to ensure its sustainability. This article presents policy reform choices, which suggest that, in Georgia, pension reform might include increasing the statutory retirement ages and reducing the generosity of benefits through means testing. The case of the Georgian non‐contributory basic pension might hold value for some low‐ and middle‐income countries that are considering the implementation of, or expanding coverage under, a non‐contributory pension programme.     

性别话语视角与母亲话语霸权下的无权

性别话语视觉下父权社会所赋予母亲的"主内"话语特权,源于维护父系社会秩序的稳定需要,实则是话语霸权下的无权。母亲的女性性别由男性话语模塑规范而成,充当的仅是男权文化的代言人。女性欲回归真正意义上的女性本性,就必须建构自己的话语体系,且离不开男女两性的平等与和谐。     

文艺无定法

文艺无定法是文艺创造的一条基本原则，它具体表现在模仿生活、表现情感、刺激感官、躲避审美疲劳、追撵时代等方面。文艺无定法已经成为文艺保持生命活．力，获得大众接受的根本原因之一。     

论非法侵入住宅罪的对象及亲告问题

对非法侵入住宅罪中"住宅"的含义应作正确理解。"住宅"具有以下特征:一定的日常生活设备,有相对隔离性,必须是供他人起居、饮食的生活场所。出于中国文化观念、刑法谦抑性以及社会现实等因素考虑,宜将非法侵入住宅罪设立为"亲告罪"。     

侵华日军在华北制造的“无人区”研究

侵华日军为了封锁、扼杀华北地区的抗日根据地,除在长城沿线、晋东北、冀西大规模制造了"无人区"外,还在山东省和晋中、晋西北及河南省等地制造了大大小小若干块"无人区".在制造"无人区"过程中,日军实施极其残暴的"三光作战",不仅使"无人区"人民的生命财产遭受到了空前灾难,而且使当地的社会生产力和经济遭受到了近乎毁灭性的打击和破坏.