江南古镇商业化倾向及其可持续发展对策——以浙北三镇为例

江南水乡古镇旅游业发展20多年以来,商业化现象日益严重,古镇沿街充斥着服务旅游者的各色同质化的商铺和商品,不仅冲淡古镇原真景观特征,形成古镇因利趋同格局,而且改变了居民生活方式并成为重要的生活基础,直接干扰居民日常生活,破坏古镇整体人文生态系统的和谐,破坏古镇原有自然风貌和景观环境。立足于古镇原真性保护,在商业化快速发展的过程中政府应淡出商业利益,严格控制商业发展;拓展和营造多样化社区参与旅游的方式和途径,调整利益分配体制,建立行业利益平衡机制;鼓励和发展传统手工艺,形成旅游体验与民间非物质文化遗产保护双赢格局。     

孔子学院的发展现状、问题及趋势

孔子学院是以教授汉语和传播中国文化为宗旨的非营利的公益机构，是海外朋友学习汉语了解中国的窗口，也是学习借鉴不同文化、促进多元文化交流发展而构建和谐世界的平台。作为汉语国际推广的龙头产品，孔子学院的建设已经初具规模，发展的势头引人瞩目。本文谨就孔子学院的发展现状、存在问题以及未来的趋势作一概括性的阐述和分析。     

当代中国文学思潮的特点与模式

文学思潮是一个时代的文学创作潮流中所表现出来的那个社会的时代精神和社会风尚,以及那个时代起主导作用的文学创作的理论和方法。文学思潮有以下几个特点一、深层性;二、理论性;三、群体性;四、时段性;五、实践性。对于划分和命名文学思潮,应该尽可能地宽容。然而,宽容并不是没有原则。当代中国文坛独特的结构和制度,决定了当代文学思潮的特点。主要表现在一、文学理论和创作极度密切的关系;二、文学思潮少有自发产生的,基本上是自觉的、自上而下提倡的;三、由于基本是自觉的,所以是理性的。     

论电信资费特征及改革趋势

以电信资费的基本原理为基础 ,通过一系列的分析、比较 ,阐述了我国目前电信资费存在的问题及产生的原因 ,并提出了进一步改革趋势的基本设想。     

词汇研究新趋势与英汉词汇对比研究的方法和内容

经过100多年的演变和发展,现代语言学研究取得了丰硕的成果,对词汇研究产生了巨大的影响。为适应词汇研究的新趋势,现代英汉词汇对比研究应突破传统的窠臼,找准确有可比性的研究对象,在理论和方法上显示现代哲学、现代语言学、现代语义学和数理语言学的特色。     

Is ethnic prejudice declining in Britain? Change in social distance attitudes among ethnic majority and minority Britons

Most literature on racial prejudice deals with the racial attitudes of the ethnic majority and ethnic minorities separately. This paper breaks this tradition. We examine the social distance attitudes of white and non‐white British residents to test if these attitudes follow the same trends over time, whether they are driven by the same social processes and whether they are inter‐related. We have three main findings. Firstly, social distance from other ethnic groups has declined over time for both white and ethnic minority Britons. For the white majority there are both period and cohort elements to this decline. Secondly, we see some evidence that social distance between the majority and minority groups is reciprocal. Specifically, minorities who experience rejection by the white British feel a greater sense of distance from them. Thirdly, we find that all groups share the perception of the same ethnic hierarchy. We see evidence of particularly widespread hostility towards Muslim Britons from all ethnic groups suggesting that Muslims are singled out for negative attention from many British residents of all other backgrounds, including a large number who do not express hostility to other groups.     

当代环境文化建设的理论变革及其发展趋势

人类的环境文化表征着人与自然之间相互关系变迁的整个过程。面对近现代以来被扭曲和异化的环境文化,当代环境文化正在进行理论变革。必须全面推进可持续发展战略,转变工业生产方式、经济增长模式和人们生活方式,从而建立起人与自然协同进化、促进环境公平和实现生态现代化的当代新型环境文化。     

The limited effect of increasing educational attainment on childlessness trends in twentieth-century Europe,women born 1916–65

During the twentieth century, trends in childlessness varied strongly across European countries while educational attainment grew continuously across them. Using census and large-scale survey data from 13 European countries, we investigated the relationship between these two factors among women born between 1916 and 1965. Up to the 1940 birth cohort, the share of women childless at age 40+ decreased universally. Afterwards, the trends diverged across countries. The results suggest that the overall trends were related mainly to changing rates of childlessness within educational groups and only marginally to changes in the educational composition of the population. Over time, childlessness levels of the medium-educated and high-educated became closer to those of the low-educated, but the difference in level between the two better educated groups remained stable in Western and Southern Europe and increased slightly in the East.     

Myths and realities about input subsidies in sub‐Saharan Africa

Using a recent public expenditure dataset, this article proposes a ‘reality check’ of the level and composition of input subsidies in nine African countries between 2006 and 2013. Results show that input subsidies (1) received close to 35% of agricultural‐specific expenditure on average and (2) cover a variety of interventions, including investments in capital, such as on‐farm irrigation, and in on‐farm services, such as inspection or training. Further, the figures show that input subsidies tended to become entrenched in agricultural budgets over time, leading to sub‐optimal execution rates, and were primarily funded by the national taxpayer, while donors invested more in public goods. Findings confirm that input subsidies crowded out other spending categories likely to be more supportive of long‐term agricultural development objectives. The article concludes that the political economy of input subsidies should be directed to making more concrete efforts to attain a better balance of public expenditure on agriculture. Furthermore, policy‐makers should aim to increase the efficiency and policy coherence of input subsidies, since merely abolishing them is likely to be unfeasible in the short term.     

A general inversion theorem for cointegration

A generalization of the Granger and the Johansen Representation Theorems valid for any (possibly fractional) order of integration is presented. This Representation Theorem is based on inversion results that characterize the order of the pole and the coefficients of the Laurent series representation of the inverse of a matrix function around a singular point. Explicit expressions of the matrix coefficients of the (polynomial) cointegrating relations, of the Common Trends and of the Triangular representations are provided, either starting from the Moving Average or the Auto Regressive form. This contribution unifies different approaches in the literature and extends them to an arbitrary order of integration. The role of deterministic terms is discussed in detail.