Vocational Status,Hukou and Housing Migrants in the New Century: Evidence from a Multi-city Study of Housing Inequality

In the 1960s and 1970s, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union experienced an unanticipated stagnation in the process of mortality reduction that was accelerating in the west. This was followed by even starker fluctuations and overall declines in life expectancy during the 1980s and 1990s. We identify statistically the extent to which, since the 1990s, the countries of the post-communist region have converged as a group towards other regional or cross-regional geopolitical blocks, or whether there are now multiple steady-states (‘convergence clubs’) emerging among these countries. We apply a complex convergence club methodology, including a recursive analysis, to data on 30 OECD countries (including 11 post-communist countries) drawn from the Human Mortality Database and spanning the period 1959–2010. We find that, rather than converging uniformly on western life expectancy levels, the post-communist countries have diverged into multiple clubs, with the lowest seemingly stuck in low-level equilibria, while the best performers (e.g. Czech Republic) show signs of catching-up with the leading OECD countries. As the post-communist period has progressed, the group of transition countries themselves has become more heterogeneous and it is noticeable that distinctive gender and age patterns have emerged. We are the first to employ an empirical convergence club methodology to help understand the complex long-run patterns of life expectancy within the post-communist region, one of very few papers to situate such an analysis in the context of the OECD countries, and one of relatively few to interpret the dynamics over the long-term.     

行政公益诉讼中的磋商程序研究

在行政公益诉讼中设置磋商程序,既有提高公共利益的保护效率、尊重行政权优先行使、体现检察谦抑性等法理基础,也有践行双赢多赢共赢理念、形成公共利益保护合力、节约司法资源、提升行政公益诉讼案件办理质效等现实需要.借鉴国际法、WTO及生态损害赔偿制度中的磋商制度,应当将行政公益诉讼中的磋商程序设置为体现检察机关法律监督职能、提醒行政机关履行法定职责、开展事实与整改结果核实、协同各方力量保护公共利益、提高行政公益诉讼案件办理效率的必经程序.磋商程序的具体内容设置,应当包括磋商的主导机关、告知、磋商形式、磋商义务、磋商善意原则的适用等,还应体现磋商的完成性、充分性、关联性等内容.设置磋商程序,需要与行政公益诉讼诉前程序的其他制度如调查、检察建议、案件终结等程序衔接,以增强这一制度的科学性和合理性,确保程序设置后运转的流畅和高效,通过这一程序进一步提升行政公益诉讼的效率,更好地促进行政机关依法行政,更好地保障行政公益诉讼工作的开展.