Job Mobility and Early Career Wage Growth of White,African‐American,and Hispanic Women*

Objective. This article examines whether and how young women's job mobility influences racial and ethnic wage‐growth differentials during the first eight years after leaving school. Methods. We use the NLSY‐79 Work History File to simulate the influence of job mobility on the wages of skilled and unskilled workers. Results. African‐American and Hispanic women average less job mobility than white women, especially if they did not attend college. Unskilled women who experience frequent job changes during the first four postschool years reap positive wage returns, but turnover beyond the shopping period incurs wage penalties. Job mobility does not appear to boost wage growth for college‐educated women. Conclusions. Among unskilled women, race and ethnic wage disparities partly derive from group differences in the frequency of job changes, but unequal returns to job mobility drive the wage gaps for skilled women. We discuss several explanations for these disparities.     

Pollutant Ground Concentrations of Nonneutrally Buoyant Particles

A methodology is suggested for the estimation of the mass density and the cumulative ground deposition of a nonvolatile, nonneutrally buoyant, air pollutant (liquid or solid) released from a polluted column (following an explosion caused during routine operation in, e.g., the chemical industry or due to any kind of hostile act) and deposited on the ground via gravitational settling. In many cases, the deposited mass due to gravitational settling constitutes a significant fraction of the original inventory released from the source. Implementation of the methodology in preliminary risk assessments can serve as an efficient tool for emergency planning for both immediate and long‐term measures such as evacuation and decontamination. The methodology considers, inter alia, an estimation of the critical particle diameter, particle size, and mass distributions along the polluted column. This methodology was developed to apply in rural regions since proper application of relevant meteorological input data can be accomplished mainly for such areas.     

The inverse Banzhaf problem

Let ${\mathcal{F}}Let F{\mathcal{F}} be a family of subsets of the ground set [n] = {1, 2, . . . , n}. For each i ? [n]{i \in [n]} we let p(F,i){p(\mathcal{F},i)} be the number of pairs of subsets that differ in the element i and exactly one of them is in F{\mathcal{F}}. We interpret p(F,i){p(\mathcal{F},i)} as the influence of that element. The normalized Banzhaf vector of F{\mathcal{F}}, denoted B(F){B(\mathcal{F})}, is the vector (B(F,1),...,B(F,n)){(B(\mathcal{F},1),\dots,B(\mathcal{F},n))}, where B(F,i)=\fracp(F,i)p(F){B(\mathcal{F},i)=\frac{p(\mathcal{F},i)}{p(\mathcal{F})}} and p(F){p(\mathcal{F})} is the sum of all p(F,i){p(\mathcal{F},i)}. The Banzhaf vector has been studied in the context of measuring voting power in voting games as well as in Boolean circuit theory. In this paper we investigate which non-negative vectors of sum 1 can be closely approximated by Banzhaf vectors of simple voting games. In particular, we show that if a vector has most of its weight concentrated in k < n coordinates, then it must be essentially the Banzhaf vector of some simple voting game with n − k dummy voters.     

“Like My Status”

This paper engages with the relatively new area of research into teenage girls and online social networks, focusing on the experiences and views of Israelis. In particular, we examine how Israeli girls construct social relationships on Facebook. Adopting a feminist interpretive approach, this qualitative study is based on focus group interviews with Israeli girls aged between twelve and eighteen from diverse cultural, economic, and social backgrounds. The girls clearly distinguish between different circles of social closeness on Facebook, with each circle marked by different relationships, dynamics, and expectations. The study's findings beg the question of whether social networks allow Israeli girls to exercise control, power, choice, and agency in their social world, or whether they remain informed by existing social structures that shape and restrict their choices and actions. The significance of these findings is discussed in the contexts of feminism, girl power, and Neoliberal discourse.     

Role of Comparative Risk Assessment in Addressing Environmental Security in the Middle East

During the 21st century, environmental challenges are likely to intensify across the world and possibly lead to violent conflicts. Strategies for conflict avoidance will be incomplete unless they recognize, discuss, and mitigate regional environmental stress factors. Comparative risk assessment (CRA) is one of the most critical tools emerging to influence modern environmental policies and is increasingly used to create a common language to help reconcile competing interests in development and environmental disputes around the world. This article considers the environmental challenges facing the Middle East in light of their "transboundary" nature and proposes CRA as a framework for setting environmental priorities and reducing tensions in the region.     

The Local Life of Nationhood

What characterises many studies that invoke the local can be described as a logic of transcendence. This logic of transcendence does not reject nor disregard the local. Rather, it affirms the centrality of the local. At the same time, the focus is on how the local is historically transcended into higher levels of generality and abstraction; the argument is that only through attention to these higher levels that the meanings of the local become clear. In contrast, the other local which we refer to in this essay is a set of practices which emerges in intimate relationship to nationalism, which in some ways even sustains nationalism, even though the places it produces cannot be understood within the same logic of transcendence. At times, this other local refers to the political and conceptual practices that emerged at the limits of the abstract time and space that constituted nationalism. At other times, this local refers to the marginal in order to represent nationhood anew. Nationhood does not exhaust, sublate or transcend this local; rather, this local continues to live, in the era of nationhood, not so much outside the national, but beyond and alongside it. This other local is explored in this essay by discussing the cases of Germany and India.     

Physician’s Listening and Adherence to Medical Recommendations among Persons with Diabetes

Every year, millions of people die of diabetes-related complications. Despite this risk, patients’ nonadherence to lifesaving medical recommendations remains a persistent crisis. One factor that could increase adherence is the formation of an alliance with the medical staff. This alliance, in turn, may increase when the patient perceives that the health care staff is willing to listen. To test this model, we asked people with diabetes, N = 76, to report (a) perceptions of listening by their nurse and physician, (b) their working alliance with the medical-staff members, and (c) several indicators of adherence with medical recommendations. The results suggested that listening is highly correlated with working alliance, r = .84, both with the nurse and the physician. Furthermore, both listening by the physician, r = .27, and alliance with the physician, r = .44, were associated with medication adherence. Listening by the physician, and alliance with the physician were not associated with adherence to life-style recommendations, but hinted at possible associations with glycemic control, r’s = .19, and .22, respectively. Our findings suggest that listening is an important facet of a working alliance, which in turn appears to positively affect the health of patients with diabetes.     

An Evaluation of a Community Collaboration Approach to Psychosocial Rehabilitation

ABSTRACT

This article reports on the results of a multiagency collaboration demonstration project that was designed to replicate the salient features of an exemplary practice, single-agency program of psychosocial rehabilitation for persons with serious mental illness (SMI). The community collaboration extended over two phases for 2 years and involved over 20 mental health service providers. The demonstration project itself was designed to be a replication of the Village Integrated Services Agency (Village ISA) of Long Beach, California. Additionally, this article reports the results of a rigorous evaluation of the project. The treatment group outcomes were substantially superior to all control group measures at or beyond the 0.05 level of significance. With due regard for limitations imposed by a small sample size (n = 50), the project demonstrates that the replicated model of intervention can be effectively implemented through a collaborative organizational structure involving a coalition of agency service providers.     

When should organizational change be implemented? The moderating effect of environmental dynamism between dynamic capabilities and new venture performance

The purpose of this study is to explore the moderating effect of environmental dynamism on the relationship between dynamic capabilities and new venture performance using the rapidly changing environment in China as a case. Using a sample of 115 firm observations, we applied the partial least squares structural equation modeling approach to model these relationships and found that opportunity-sensing capability and reconfiguration capability have significant impacts on new venture performance. Additionally, each of these capabilities has a stronger impact on new venture performance at higher levels of environmental dynamism. We conclude that dynamic capabilities are more effective in implementing organizational change at high degrees of environmental dynamism.     

Utilitarianism and discrimination

Since Becker (1971), a common argument against asymmetric norms that promote minority rights over those of the majority is that such policies reduce total welfare. While this may be the case, we show that there are simple environments where aggregate sum of individual utilities is actually maximized under asymmetric norms that favor minorities. We thus maintain that without information regarding individual utilities one cannot reject or promote segregation-related policies based on utilitarian arguments.