自杀和生命的意义——来自脑科学研究的解读

生命本身是一个随机事件，并不具有高尚的意义。进化的结果使人类可通过工作、家庭和人际关系等给予自己的生命以意义感。当我们的生活方式使脑内奖赏系统获得刺激，就会带来生命具有意义的感受，这种感受给人带来更好的生存机会。生存的欲望是一切生物体最具特征的属性，一些精神疾病患者缺乏这种欲望。自杀主要发生于精神疾病患者，它并非是基于自由意志的行为。抗精神病治疗和适当的社会交往可以预防自杀。由于不同个体有着不同的大脑，人们的生活方式就应该去适应各自大脑的特征。只要人们的生活方式不对他人造成过多的伤害，政府就应该允许和保护人们自由地按照各自的方式生活。     

波普尔论马克思主义理论科学性的基本思路及其启示

科学的庸俗化在马克思时代已经很严重,马克思科学研究的着力点就在于批判资产阶级经济学的庸俗化。然而长期以来,马克思的科学方法论并没有得到很好的理解,一些与马克思根本不相容的观点以科学的名义在马克思主义中大行其道,导致马克思主义理论自身的种种困境。大量文献表明,在传统经验科学意义上理解马克思主义理论的科学性,是导致马克思主义理论庸俗化的重要原因。科学哲学家波普尔意识到,靠再多的"证明"也说明不了马克思主义理论的科学性,其精神实质是反对马克思主义教条化。但是在这一过程中波普尔同样没有看到马克思对传统经验科学的超越,引发了马克思主义理论阐释中的新一轮庸俗化浪潮。     

Book Review: Restless Nation: Starting Over in America. By James M. Jasper. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. 296 pages,hardcover, ISBN: 0-226-39478-6

Qualitative Sociology -     

Measures of Multigroup Segregation

In this paper we derive and evaluate measures of multigroup segregation. After describing four ways to conceptualize the measurement of multigroup segregation—as the disproportionality in group (e.g., race) proportions across organizational units (e.g., schools or census tracts), as the strength of association between nominal variables indexing group and organizational unit membership, as the ratio of between–unit diversity to total diversity, and as the weighted average of two–group segregation indices—we derive six multigroup segregation indices: a dissimilarity index (D), a Gini index (G), an information theory index (H), a squared coefficient of variation index (C), a relative diversity index (R), and a normalized exposure index (P). We evaluate these six indices against a set of seven desirable properties of segregation indices. We conclude that the information theory index H is the most conceptually and mathematically satisfactory index, since it alone obeys the principle of transfers in the multigroup case. Moreover, H is the only multigroup index that can be decomposed into a sum of between– and within–group components.     

Fire and restoration of the largest urban forest of the world in Rio de Janeiro City,Brazil

National Park of Tijuca in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) is about 3,300 ha and considered the largest urban forest in the world. Its floristic composition is typical of Atlantic Rain Forest. The reserve is being altered because of fire occurrences and urban expansion. This study identified locations and causes of forest fires, and makes management recommendations to restore damaged areas. From 1991 to 2000, forest firefighters recorded an average of 75-fire occurrences/year. Identified causes included hot air balloons (24%), intentional (24%), rubbish burning (21%) and religious practices (17%). Primary fuels included invasive grasses and ferns. Although hot air balloons destroyed larger areas of forest in each occurrence, a greater number of fires started in the invasive vegetation along roads that bisect the forest. In response to recurrent forests, invasive vegetation has spread gradually into the forest increasing forest degradation. To decrease fire damage, sites with high fire frequencies and density of invasive vegetation were planted with less flammable species. Results indicate that fire frequency decreased and density of invasive vegetation declined. This approach appears to prevent fire incidence, reduce the need for fire fighting, and preserve existing biodiversity.     

教师教育影响的特征及其启示

教师的教育影响是附属于教师个体的特殊的教育影响。它具有高效性、灵活性、感染性、示范性等特征。教师应充分认识这些特征, 在教育实践中做到教书育人相结合、身教与言教相结合、理论与实践相结合。     

漫谈多媒体教学课件的设计

设计多媒体课件 ,要了解授课对象的基本情况 ,根据教学目标选定教学内容。在各学习界面的设计中 ,充分体现教学策略     

试论实物期权理论在项目投资决策中的应用

实物期权是期权理论在财务管理实务中的一个新型应用。传统的投资评价方法暗含的投资不可逆转和推迟的基本假设在具体应用时已表现出其局限性。实物期权理论充分考虑管理者进行投资决策时拥有的灵活选择权 ,并将该种权利予以量化 ,从而证明选择权是具有价值的 ,并由此改变了传统的投资观念和评价体系     

论经学对《汉书》义例的影响

经学对《汉书》的影响是深重的。经学对《汉书》义例的影响主要表现在两个方面：一是立名定目，依托经典；二是创立志表，弘扬经学。探讨经学对《汉书》的影响有助于解决一些史学问题。