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1.
We experimentally study punishment patterns across network structures, and their effect on cooperation. In a repeated public goods setting, subjects can only observe and punish their neighbors. Centralized structures (like the star network) outperform other incomplete networks and reach contribution levels like the ones observed in a complete network. Our results suggest that hierarchical network structures with a commonly observed player benefit more from sanctions not because central players punish more, but because they follow, and promote, different punishment patterns. While quasi-central players in other incomplete architectures (like the line network) retaliate, and get trapped in the vicious circle of antisocial punishment, central players in the star network do not punish back, increase their contributions when sanctioned by peripheral players, and sanction other participants in a prosocial manner. Our results illustrate recent field studies on the evolutionary prevalence of hierarchical networks. We document a network-based rationale for this positive effect in an identity-free, fully anonymous environment. (JEL C72, C91, C92, D90, H41) 相似文献
2.
Europe's debt crisis resembles historical episodes of outright default on domestic public debt about which little research exists. This paper proposes a theory of domestic sovereign default based on distributional incentives affecting the welfare of risk‐averse debt and nondebtholders. A utilitarian government cannot sustain debt if default is costless. If default is costly, debt with default risk is sustainable, and debt falls as the concentration of debt ownership rises. A government favoring bond holders can also sustain debt, with debt rising as ownership becomes more concentrated. These results are robust to adding foreign investors, redistributive taxes, or a second asset. 相似文献
3.
Rodrigo Lagos Enrique Canessa Sergio E. Chaigneau 《Journal for the theory of social behaviour》2019,49(3):312-333
Stereotypes is one of the most researched topics in social psychology. Within this context, negative self‐stereotypes pose a particular challenge for theories. In the current work, we propose a model that suggests that negative self‐stereotypes can theoretically be accounted for by the need to communicate in a social system made up by groups with unequal power. Because our theory is dynamic, probabilistic, and interactionist, we use a computational simulation technique to show that the proposed model is able to reproduce the phenomenon of interest, to provide novel accounts of related phenomena, and to suggest novel empirical predictions. We describe our computational model, our variables' dynamic behavior and interactions, and link our analyses to the literature on stereotypes and self‐stereotypes, the stability of stereotypes (in particular, gender and racial stereotypes), the effects of power asymmetries, and the effects of intergroup contact. 相似文献
4.
5.
Lopez-Millan F De la Vega E Lucero Duarte K Diaz Muro M 《Work (Reading, Mass.)》2012,41(Z1):5772-5774
This paper collects the experience for both, academic and professional practice, and deal with the stages and level of involvement from different elements in the organization. The work is focused in some kind of concentric cycles, the very outside circle is formed by those that interact with ergonomic process in a year period, and the inner cycles are those that acts in a daily or weekly intervention. The success of the program still depending on the good will of the managers, but any action directed on benefit of the people at work, enable the moral as well as indicators for health and safety. 相似文献
6.
Cline Hoeks Hossein Azadi Parisa Rafiaani Khachak Enrique Troyo‐Dieguez Steven Van Passel Frank Witlox 《Development policy review : the journal of the Overseas Development Institute》2014,32(6):647-674
Given the historical development of land tenure in South Africa, the aim of this article is to examine the best routes to alleviate poverty and retain sustainable agriculture in the country. First, a theoretical framework is presented that relates land tenure to sustainability, and three historical periods (pre‐colonial, colonial, and apartheid) are then considered to explain the changes in land tenure and their consequences. The progress and main limitations of post‐apartheid land reform to approach agricultural sustainability and alleviate poverty are discussed. Based on the analysis, different possibilities for future land reform are elaborated, followed by some recommendations for future land‐reform policies in South Africa. 相似文献
7.
Heitor de Oliveira Duarte Enrique Lopez Droguett Márcio das Chagas Moura Elainne Christine de Souza Gomes Constança Barbosa Verônica Barbosa Moacyr Araújo 《Risk analysis》2014,34(5):831-846
We developed a stochastic model for quantitative risk assessment for the Schistosoma mansoni (SM) parasite, which causes an endemic disease of public concern. The model provides answers in a useful format for public health decisions, uses data and expert opinion, and can be applied to any landscape where the snail Biomphalaria glabrata is the main intermediate host (South and Central America, the Caribbean, and Africa). It incorporates several realistic and case‐specific features: stage‐structured parasite populations, periodic praziquantel (PZQ) drug treatment for humans, density dependence, extreme events (prolonged rainfall), site‐specific sanitation quality, environmental stochasticity, monthly rainfall variation, uncertainty in parameters, and spatial dynamics. We parameterize the model through a real‐world application in the district of Porto de Galinhas (PG), one of the main touristic destinations in Brazil, where previous studies identified four parasite populations within the metapopulation. The results provide a good approximation of the dynamics of the system and are in agreement with our field observations, i.e., the lack of basic infrastructure (sanitation level and health programs) makes PG a suitable habitat for the persistence and growth of a parasite metapopulation. We quantify the risk of SM metapopulation explosion and quasi‐extinction and the time to metapopulation explosion and quasi‐extinction. We evaluate the sensitivity of the results under varying scenarios of future periodic PZQ treatment (based on the Brazilian Ministry of Health's plan) and sanitation quality. We conclude that the plan might be useful to slow SM metapopulation growth but not to control it. Additional investments in better sanitation are necessary. 相似文献
8.
This article discusses how analyst's or expert's beliefs on the credibility and quality of models can be assessed and incorporated into the uncertainty assessment of an unknown of interest. The proposed methodology is a specialization of the Bayesian framework for the assessment of model uncertainty presented in an earlier paper. This formalism treats models as sources of information in assessing the uncertainty of an unknown, and it allows the use of predictions from multiple models as well as experimental validation data about the models’ performances. In this article, the methodology is extended to incorporate additional types of information about the model, namely, subjective information in terms of credibility of the model and its applicability when it is used outside its intended domain of application. An example in the context of fire risk modeling is also provided. 相似文献
9.
Enrique Echeburúa Itxaso González-Ortega Paz de Corral Rocío Polo-López 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2011,27(2):215-227
This study aimed to examine the gender-related differences in demographics, gambling measures, psychological functioning,
and motivation for therapy in an outpatient sample of pathological gamblers seeking treatment. Participants in this multisite
study included 103 adult outpatients (51 women and 52 men) meeting current DSM-IV-TR criteria for PG. Logistic regression
was used to examine if gender was related together to categorical and continuous independent variables. Female gamblers were
older than men and more likely to be divorced or widowed and to have a lower annual income. Women became more dependent on
bingo and men on slot machines. Gambling motivation and the course of illness for both sexes were also different. Female gamblers
were more anxious and with a poorer self-esteem than male gamblers and more affected by depressive symptoms; in turn, men
were more impulsive and higher sensation seekers than women and more affected by drug/alcohol abuse. The 68.6% of female gamblers
reported being victims of intimate partner violence. There were no gender differences about the motivation for treatment.
Future research should examine gambling behaviors and psychological functioning and suggest treatment approaches to address
specific goals according to these gender-related differences. 相似文献
10.
Enrique Murgui 《Urban Ecosystems》2009,12(3):249-263
Studies on bird fauna of urban environments have had a long history, but the potential of studies mapping the distribution
of birds in cities probably has not fully developed. The bird fauna of the municipality of Valencia (Spain) was studied to
determine the influence of urbanization on bird species richness and abundance. Birds were censused during winter and the
breeding season of years 1997–1998 in 197 squares measuring 49 ha each from a rural and an urbanized area. Across seasons
the number of species decreased around 40% in the city compared with the rural landscape surrounding it. Such pattern could
be attributed to the low number of farmland species capable to use the habitats inside the city, and the limited ability of
urban parks in attracting woodland species. In the urban landscape, the influence of the dimensions and spatial arrangement
of habitat patches was outweighed by the amount of each habitat per square. Bird richness and the abundance of most species
were negatively related with the amount of built-up habitat per square and positively with the amount of urban parks, and
of habitat diversity. Conversely, bird fauna was largely independent of mean park size per square especially during winter,
indicating that at the landscape scale even small patches of habitat could play an ecological role. Conservation of urban
bird diversity could benefit of two complementary strategies: (i) the protection of the surrounding rural landscape from urban
development; (ii) habitat enhancement within the city. Particularly, a proper design and habitat management of urban parks
could improve their suitability for urban bird fauna. 相似文献