Who Should Pay for Interdependent Risk? Policy Implications for Security Interdependence Among Airports

We study interdependent risks in security, and shed light on the economic and policy implications of increasing security interdependence in presence of reactive attackers. We investigate the impact of potential public policy arrangements on the security of a group of interdependent organizations, namely, airports. Focusing on security expenditures and costs to society, as assessed by a social planner, to individual airports and to attackers, we first develop a game-theoretic framework, and derive explicit Nash equilibrium and socially optimal solutions in the airports network. We then conduct numerical experiments mirroring real-world cyber scenarios, to assess how a change in interdependence impact the airports' security expenditures, the overall expected costs to society, and the fairness of security financing. Our study provides insights on the economic and policy implications for the United States, Europe, and Asia.     

Security Investment in Contagious Networks

Security of the systems is normally interdependent in such a way that security risks of one part affect other parts and threats spread through the vulnerable links in the network. So, the risks of the systems can be mitigated through investments in the security of interconnecting links. This article takes an innovative look at the problem of security investment of nodes on their vulnerable links in a given contagious network as a game‐theoretic model that can be applied to a variety of applications including information systems. In the proposed game model, each node computes its corresponding risk based on the value of its assets, vulnerabilities, and threats to determine the optimum level of security investments on its external links respecting its limited budget. Furthermore, direct and indirect nonlinear influences of a node's security investment on the risks of other nodes are considered. The existence and uniqueness of the game's Nash equilibrium in the proposed game are also proved. Further analysis of the model in a practical case revealed that taking advantage of the investment effects of other players, perfectly rational players (i.e., those who use the utility function of the proposed game model) make more cost‐effective decisions than selfish nonrational or semirational players.     

人类学视野--论旅游的本质及其社会文化影响

以人类学的认知框架为基础,提出了旅游的仪式本质,并对其表达性和建构性的双重内涵进行了深入阐释,同时,从文化变迁、社会分层、身份认同、角色再造和城市化发展等方面对旅游的社会文化影响进行了简要分析.     

Evaluating the causal economic impacts of transport investments: evidence from the Madrid–Barcelona high speed rail corridor

This paper evaluates economic impacts arising from the introduction of high-speed rail (HSR) between Madrid and Barcelona. Using difference-in-differences estimation we estimate an average treatment effect for provinces with stops on the HSR line of 2.4% for economic output, 3.3% for numbers of firms, and 1.1% for labour productivity. We complement our DID results with a synthetic control analysis for Lleida and Tarragona, two provinces that we argue were assigned HSR stations largely due to their incidental location. We find that both the number of firms and labour productivity are substantially higher in these provinces than in their synthetic counterparts.     

A qualitative study on participants’ perceptions of child development accounts in Korea

ABSTRACT

In 2007, Korea implemented Child Development Accounts (CDAs) for institutionalised children in child welfare systems. Since then, the target group and a matching cap of CDAs in Korea have evolved. The target group expanded to include poor children receiving welfare, whereas the matching cap increased from KRW 30,000 (US$26.53) to KRW 40,000 (US$35.38), which is matched at a 1:1 rate. Despite the expansion, there is little empirical evidence examining the extent to which CDAs have influenced the life of participants. Using a content analysis method with a sample (N = 22), this study examines how CDAs have changed children’s mindsets, saving habits, education, future planning and sponsorship. The findings suggest that CDAs have multiple positive influences on children. This study concludes with policy implications for the inclusive and progressive development of CDAs in Korea.     

Understanding the relationship between social change and its impacts: The experience of rural land use change in south-eastern Australia

This study investigated socio-economic impacts of land use change, giving explicit attention to the relationships between independently observed land use change and associated socio-economic changes, perceived land use change and socio-economic change, attributed cause of change, and experienced impacts of change. Using a case study region in south-east Australia, we examined the impacts of growth in use of land for dairy farming, cropping, blue gum plantations and rural residential development on (i) rural population trends, and (ii) the amount and nature of employment available in the study region. Perceptions and impacts of change were assessed using multiple qualitative and quantitative methods. Results demonstrate that local residents were not always aware of the extent and nature of land use change, and had difficulty attributing social changes and their impacts to the land use changes that underlie them. Furthermore, the felt impacts of land use change appeared dependent on a person's awareness of that change, and on their beliefs about the causes of social change. These findings highlight avenues for theoretical development to better specify the processes by which social change processes are experienced as human impacts. The findings also have implications for land use policy and social impact assessment, illustrating the importance of understanding both perceived and actual social change.     

新世纪城市交通发展态势及其影响——以南京市为例

以南京市为例 ,就决定大城市未来交通结构与模式的三种关键交通方式———小汽车、自行车、公共交通的发展前景、态势及其影响进行分析研究 ,以期为制定跨世纪的城市交通发展战略与政策提供依据     

全球化背景下消费者自我建构对国产与外国品牌评价的影响——产品类别的调节作用

自我建构是不同文化背景下个体对自我与他人关系的认知。全球化背景下,受中西双重文化影响,中国消费者的自我建构呈现新的特征。文章通过2×2×2的实验设计检验了消费者自我建构对国产与外国品牌评价的影响,发现不同自我建构者对品牌来源地信息的认知和处理不同,受到产品类别的调节。研究结论为全球化背景下的品牌管理提供了新的指引。     

绿色会计与西部大开发

如何促使企业在追求利润最大化的过程中 ,自觉注意保护环境、防治污染是一个值得探讨的问题。在这方面 ,绿色会计可以发挥积极的作用。其具体的手段就是将环境因素纳入到企业长期生产经营决策模型之中 ,从而影响决策者和环境行为。通过运用新的技术 ,将企业经济活动所造成的环境影响以货币计量 ,对企业经济活动造成的外部影响加以内化。这样 ,这些环境影响就得以转化为经济影响 ,可以影响到规划的利润水平。企业为追求利润最大化 ,就必须努力降低环境因素造成的成本并增加环境因素形成的收益。     

论高校内迁对西南地区教育近代化的影响

抗战时期高等学校向大后方迁移 ,为西南地区的教育近代化提供了历史性契机 ,它为西南带来了大批高素质的近代教育人才 ,促进了西南地区教育观念、教学方式方法和初、中、高各等教育的发展 ,高校内迁对西南地区教育的影响是深远、巨大而持久的