People and their waste in an emergency context: The case of Monrovia, Liberia

Liberia has gone through civil crisis for over a decade which has resulted in the destruction of infrastructure and disruption of basic services delivery particularly in Monrovia, the capital city. Most of the 1.3 million people living in Monrovia are without adequate environmental sanitation and waste management services which situation poses a serious health risk to the residents. The current waste management service coverage is less than 20% and disposal is by indiscriminate open dumping. In 2003, there were series of outbreaks of cholera epidemics in the city during which time a total of 26,651 cases were reported with many dying.The waste management plan was initiated as an exit strategy of UNICEF following an intervention response programme to assist the Monrovia City Corporation (MCC) whose capacity in this area had been crippled as a result of years of war, through the provision of support in solid waste collection and disposal.The objectives of the plan were to:

(a) Improve waste management services delivery in the city.

(b) Strengthen the ability of the MCC to plan and manage the waste services delivery.

(c) Enhance cooperation of service beneficiaries through comprehensive and effective health education and service promotional campaign.

(d) Enhance revenue generation and community participation through the promotion of private sector and CBOs/NGOs active involvement in the waste management service delivery.

The general methodology adopted for the assignment entailed the following:Desk study and review of existing reports on Water and Environmental Sanitation (WES) in Monrovia and other relevant literature, consultation with stakeholders, site visits and participatory planning which aimed at soliciting the opinions of the various stakeholders involved with the respective components to capture their aspirations and experiences. It also covered collection and analysis of available information and data to facilitate the plan preparation and facilities design.The three-phased strategy (short, medium and long term) covering a period of 10 years (August 2004–December 2014), recommended a combination of technical options for collection based on the pursuit of staged development to allow for the adoption of realistically attainable standards within a framework of continuous and systematic improvements as economic conditions improved and new knowledge gained through practice. The plan sought to blend the capacity within the City Corporation with that of the private sector and NGOs/CBOs to respond to the diverse service demands of the city taking into consideration housing and infrastructural conditions, service costs and cost recovery to ensure sustainability. It also identified sources of financing and allocated financing responsibilities to facilitate effective plan implementation.     

论国家软实力中的基层文化建设

基层文化建设是国家软实力建设的基础,也是国家软实力建设的主要内容。加强基层文化建设,不仅是提高群众科学文化素质、满足群众日益增长的精神需求的客观要求,也是先进文化建设和国家软实力建设的需要。     

Solid Works三维设计软件在机械制图教学中的应用

本文阐述了Solid Works三维设计软件的功用和特点,以及Solid Works软件在机械制图教学中零件图,装配图绘制中的应用.     

固相萃取气相色谱-质谱联用法测定动物组织中的莱克多巴胺、沙丁胺醇

通过液液分配和固相萃取提取、净化动物组织中添加的莱克多巴胺、沙丁胺醇,TMS衍生化试剂BSTFA衍生化,气相色谱-质谱联用对衍生物检测分析,确定了动物组织中莱克多巴胺、沙丁胺醇的定性、定量分析方法,该法检出限为0.5μg/L,衍生物的峰面积与样品浓度在1μg/L￣1000μg/L范围内都呈良好的线性关系,线性回归系数均为0.9998。不同组织中莱克多巴胺加标回收率分别为:肝脏74.8%-85.8%,脂肪71.2%-80.6%,肌肉75.0%-82.7%,肾脏72.0%-82.9%;相对标准偏差为2.3%-5.2%。沙丁胺醇加标回收率分别为肝脏70.5%-76.7%,脂肪72.7%-79.5%,肌肉72.6%-78.5%,肾脏72.5%-75.8%;相对标准偏差为1.8%-5.2%。     

Seeking common ground for people: Livelihoods, governance and waste

Jam Chakro is a large International Donor-funded landfill site in Karachi, when opened in 1996 it was intended to be carefully managed by the Karachi municipal authorities. However, within weeks of opening it was overtaken by informal-sector waste workers. They are mostly poor rural migrants who have gravitated towards urban areas seeking work. Their waste sorting and recycling work, which involves burning waste, is now responsible for serious environmental degradation and poor waste management.Nearby residents are being affected by the smoke, and wish to see an end to the burning. Local authorities are under pressure to manage the waste better and wish to see an end to the recycling activities. However, initial attempts to stop these activities and relocate people, sometimes involving force, have been unsuccessful. The workers complain that they depend on the waste work for their survival.This paper is concerned with the problems caused by the informal-sector recycling work at Jam Chakro, and the need for finding environmentally and financially sustainable solutions which respect the interests of all stakeholders. It is based on fieldwork which involved detailed stakeholder identification and consultation, to ensure that different perspectives were heard and accounted for. In the light of research findings, the paper discusses some of the proposed options for integrating informal-sector livelihoods into the formal operation of the landfill site. These are based around organising waste reclamation and recycling work and enabling it to take place without burning waste.The paper proposes that the problems at Jam Chakro can in part be attributed to not having accounted for the poor in planning, necessary for developing sustainable solutions to the problems.Approximate exchange-rate at time of writing: US$1: Rs. 60.     

固体支撑双层类脂膜电化学传感器的研究和应用

由于双层类脂膜(bilayer lipid membranes.BLM)是生物膜极好的实验模型,因此在电化学传感器的研究领域显示出广泛的应用前景。评述了双层类脂膜(BLM)、固体支撑的双层类脂膜(s-BLM)的制备方法和特性,介绍了双层类脂膜在电化学生物传感器中的应用,并展望了发展前景。     

People as partners: Facilitating people's participation in public–private partnerships for solid waste management

Cities in developing countries are facing a double dilemma. On one hand, the urban population is growing rapidly, causing a huge increase in demand for waste management services. On the other hand, the traditional public sector is failing to respond to the increased demand for service. The public sector is constrained by resource and institutional limitations. It is often proposed that the solution lies in private sector participation. It is expected that the private sector, with its dynamism and flexibility, may fill in the service delivery gaps by forming partnership with the public sector. However, a third tier—the people—is often overlooked in the service delivery framework. Citizens can contribute significantly to service delivery. They can support the private sector with payment of service charges. But more importantly, they can play an active role in improving accountability and service quality of both public and private sector. This radical shift in people's role, from passive service receivers to active service partners, however, may not occur endogenously. External help from facilitating agencies may enable the public and private sector to form partnership with people for better service delivery. This article examines the role of facilitating agencies in developing tripartite partnership for solid waste management service in Bangladesh. The key lessons learned are: a number of obstacles prevented spontaneous partnership among the public sector, private sector and people; facilitating agencies were able to overcome the obstacles to form partnership of the three; and, the tripartite arrangement resulted in higher accountability and better service delivery.     

工程实践训练中的快速原型制造技术

介绍了快速原型制造技术的原理和常用方法及其在工科院校开设本项训练内容的必要性,针对SAMM ZIPPYI型快速成型系统,介绍了成型系统的工作原理,并总结归纳了在计算机造型系统中生成工件的三维实体模型,再转化为快速成型系统可接受的STL文件,直至在成型机上加工出实体的方法,为在工科院校中开设快速成型系统的工程训练项目作理论上的准备.     

Characterization of the municipal solid waste stream in Kabul,Afghanistan

The goal of this study was to assess the existing solid waste management stream in Kabul, Afghanistan, as a basis for developing a sustainable solid waste management system. Achieving the goal of this study necessitated (1) assessment of the major factors affecting the solid waste stream and it collection; (2) estimation of the solid waste generation rate; and (3) characterization of the solid waste composition. The solid waste characterization data demonstrated that the solid waste stream in the city of Kabul, although similar to low income countries in Asia, especially to South Asian countries, is unique in composition and solid waste generation rate. The solid waste stream was characterized with large organic fraction of approximately 70% and specific weight of 413 ± 52 kg/m³. The estimated solid waste generation rate ranged between 0.31 and 0.43 kg/capita/day. It is expected, however, that the solid waste stream characteristics for the city of Kabul will change over time to be similar to waste streams of cities in the region with similar socio-economic, cultural and religious background.     

中国民俗学学派方法论（上）

钟敬文教授倡议建立中国民俗学学派与多种研究方法,"最主要的,还是要考虑根据自己的研究对象和研究目的、并能切实解决问题的方法。"中国学派方法之源在于中国学者探索中国民俗事象的实践之中。学派是由一个个学者发展而来的。研究方法是渗透于一个个研究成果之中的。研究成果有赖于学者的研究精神、研究心态和研究方法。要从中国学者们80年的实践中梳理中国民俗学派研究方法。———顾颉刚的探索精神与历史地理研究方法。钟敬文倡导中国民俗学派、多民族一国民俗学及多种研究方法。姜彬倡导区域文化研究。段宝林倡导六维立体描写研究。各位学者各具特色的研究方法,汇成中国民俗学者学派多姿多彩的中国风格中国气派的研究方法。