Risk Analysis: Celebrating the Accomplishments and Embracing Ongoing Challenges

As part of the celebration of the 40th anniversary of the Society for Risk Analysis and Risk Analysis: An International Journal, this essay reviews the 10 most important accomplishments of risk analysis from 1980 to 2010, outlines major accomplishments in three major categories from 2011 to 2019, discusses how editors circulate authors’ accomplishments, and proposes 10 major risk-related challenges for 2020–2030. Authors conclude that the next decade will severely test the field of risk analysis.     

Challenges to Connecting Sociology and Service Learning

Service-learning programs are not free from challenges brought about by lack of financial support, lack of widespread commitment from professors, community agencies, and recipients of service, and lack of knowledge and insight in students directly involved in such programs. While service-learning initiatives and programs serve positive functions for organizations and individuals, rhetorical accolades for service learning can distort or omit the realities of program implementation and sustained delivery. This paper specifically explores the following challenges connected to service-learning programs: (1) pedagogical difficulties; (2) student limitations; (3) time constraints; and (4) community cooperation.     

全球化进程中民族文化面临的挑战与机遇

全球化进程中，民族文化首先受到挑战：优势文化的辐射；异种文化冲突、异变；劣质文化的融合等。在受到挑战同时民族文化有着很大优势：全球化会促进民族文化传播；民族文化会吸收一些先进文化的优秀成分，涤荡掉自身的沉渣和垃圾。总之，全球化对民族文化既有机遇又有挑战，我们要积极面对。     

面对"入世"挑战,加快农业产业化经营

加入世贸组织给中国农业带来了发展机遇,同时也带来严峻的挑战。中国农业必须立足优势,培育和发展主导产业;加快龙头企业的培育和建设,发展农村专业合作经济组织;加强科技投入,倡导农业科技创新;充分利用WTO农业规则,保护我国农业,加快农业产业化,迎接“入世”挑战。     

网络时代对高校思想政治工作的挑战及对策思考

以高新知识、网络技术为基础,以创新为核心的网络时代已经来临.网络既给高校思想政治工作提供了机遇的同时,更给高校思想政治工作带来了挑战.面对网络时代的机遇和挑战,如何加强和改进高校思想政治工作,是我们高校思想政治工作者必须认真思考的一个新课题.针对网络给高校思想政治工作带来的挑战作了一些探讨,同时也提出了一些相应的对策和建议.     

“全面小康”与国民教育的发展

全面建设小康社会,需要教育发展作基础;更高水平的小康社会又为教育发展提供了新的机遇。国民教育作为公共事业,关系到国家经济建设和可持续发展,又代表最广大人民群众的根本利益,必须从制度上创新,激发全社会的关注和重视,保证教育的利益最大化、公平化,促进教育的跨越式发展。     

把握网络化时代的高校思想政治教育

应先把握网络全面促进大学生思想素质提高的可能性:独立意识的发展;开放精神的树立;创新精神的觉醒。在把握机遇的同时,也必须把握严峻的挑战:网络的开放性、不可控性、隐蔽性、“成瘾”性,严重干挠了大学生的成长环境,弱化了道德观的有效教育,导致交际能力与学业水平的下降。唯此,才能在教育队伍、网络管理体系,“两课”如何贯穿网络伦理教育这三大方面,把握高校思想政治教育进网络的主动权。     

我国国际贸易电子商务面临的挑战及对策

国际贸易电子商务由于其显著的功能优势、巨大的社会经济效益和对经济全球化的推动作用,显示出强大的生命力,并正在改变着传统的国际贸易经营思想、经营模式和管理工作方式.本文分析了我国在推进国际贸易电子商务方面面临的挑战,并提出了相应的对策.     

Community Resilience and Decision Theory Challenges for Catastrophic Events

Extreme and catastrophic events pose challenges for normative models of risk management decision making. They invite development of new methods and principles to complement existing normative decision and risk analysis. Because such events are rare, it is difficult to learn about them from experience. They can prompt both too little concern before the fact, and too much after. Emotionally charged and vivid outcomes promote probability neglect and distort risk perceptions. Aversion to acting on uncertain probabilities saps precautionary action; moral hazard distorts incentives to take care; imperfect learning and social adaptation (e.g., herd‐following, group‐think) complicate forecasting and coordination of individual behaviors and undermine prediction, preparation, and insurance of catastrophic events. Such difficulties raise substantial challenges for normative decision theories prescribing how catastrophe risks should be managed. This article summarizes challenges for catastrophic hazards with uncertain or unpredictable frequencies and severities, hard‐to‐envision and incompletely described decision alternatives and consequences, and individual responses that influence each other. Conceptual models and examples clarify where and why new methods are needed to complement traditional normative decision theories for individuals and groups. For example, prospective and retrospective preferences for risk management alternatives may conflict; procedures for combining individual beliefs or preferences can produce collective decisions that no one favors; and individual choices or behaviors in preparing for possible disasters may have no equilibrium. Recent ideas for building “disaster‐resilient” communities can complement traditional normative decision theories, helping to meet the practical need for better ways to manage risks of extreme and catastrophic events.     

与国际行政法的产生有关的几个基本问题——基于全球化、全球治理的视角

全球治理的提出源于全球化的推动,而全球治理的提出及实践则使国际行政法的产生、形成成为可能。具体而言,全球公民社会的兴起与国际非政府组织的发展是国际行政法产生的两个现实驱动因素。国际行政法的产生路径可总结为"自下而上"和"自上而下"的路径。国际行政法具有区别于国内行政法的若干明显特征,国际层面相比国内层面的很多特殊性也使得国际行政法的体系化发展面临诸多挑战。这些问题虽然不能忽视,但它们也并非不可克服。虽然国际行政法不如国内行政法成熟,但是如能改进合法性,便能够将超国家机构的全球治理职能发挥得更好。全球治理语境下国际行政法体系的产生、形成是一种历史的必然趋势。