冷战后中国多边首脑外交的特点与动因

冷战后，中国以亚太地区和联合国为中心，开展了积极的多边首脑外交。其具有力度不断加大、内容逐渐多元、外在制度完备、内在缺乏约束等特点。经济全球化、集团化和全球性问题的日益突出，则是中国开展多边首脑外交的重要推动力量。     

从GATT到WTO--全球多边贸易体系的发展

建立一个调整世界各国贸易关系的组织 ,以便在比较宽松的环境下开展国际贸易 ,是世界各国的共同愿望。经过战后近半个世纪的艰苦努力 ,从GATT到WTO ,在循序渐进的过程中 ,形成了当今比较完整的国际贸易体系     

区域经济一体化对世界福利及多边贸易体制的影响

随着经济的全球化,在以GATT和WTO为代表的多边贸易自由化不断深化的同时,区域经济一体化组织层出不穷。而区域经济一体化对于世界福利和多边贸易是有利有弊的。因此,在政策制定上要扬长避短,既限制其不利的影响,同时又要积极发挥它的积极作用。     

区域贸易协定发展趋势对多边贸易体制的挑战

随着WTO的多边贸易体制受到重大挫折,经济全球化的步伐有所放慢,而区域贸易协议已成为当今国际经济关系的主流形式之一。现分析区域贸易协定的迅猛的发展趋势以及对WTO为代表的多边贸易体制提出挑战。面对挑战,当务之急,各区域贸易协定必须接受WTO的一定程序上的规制,最主要的要确保区域贸易协定对WTO多边贸易体制的健康发展。     

Bilateral Donors' Efforts to Assess and Manage UN Agencies' Effectiveness: Seeking a Balance between Paris Principles and Domestic Accountability

Since the turn of the century, results orientation and performance measurement have become buzzwords in development aid. Bilateral donors are increasingly concerned about the effectiveness of core‐funded UN specialised agencies, funds and programmes, through which they channel a substantial part of their funds. While the logic for increased monitoring is clear, it is less evident how to assess this information for purposes of accountability, performance‐based funding and governance. This article describes the general evolution in this area and discusses two major initiatives to harmonise and align bilateral assessments, using case‐study material from three bilateral donors (Belgium, the Netherlands and the UK) with clearly diverging performance‐management cultures, and exploring the extent to which they rely upon joint and aligned initiatives.     

Fair Trade Certification: The Case of Tea Plantation Workers in India

This article analyses the impact of Fair Trade certification by focusing on its interactions with the patron–client relations traditionally established between management and workers in tea plantations in India. It argues that the invisibility of Fair Trade among workers, which generally reinforces existing patron–client relations through Fair Trade premiums, inversely hides the patronage of the management, and that workers are empowered when a premium is invested in a community development project led by an independent third‐party organisation.     

Did small and medium enterprises maintain better jobs during the early years of the recession? Job quality multidimensional evidence from Spain

While the literature has indeed confirmed a general tendency linking small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to a dynamic of greater job creation, there is little available evidence on what has happened to job quality since the financial crisis. Through a representative sample of 5311 employees in 2008 (first year of job destruction) and 4925 employees in 2010 (last year for which data were available), and using a two-stage structural equation model, this article empirically analyses the multidimensional determinants of job quality, by enterprise-size class, in Spain. The research has revealed three main results. First, job quality in Spain improved in all enterprises, regardless of their size, during the early years of the recession. Second, the greatest improvements were found in SMEs. Although job quality was already better in SMEs than in large enterprises in 2008, the differences between them subsequently widened. Third, this accelerated divergence was explained by the following dimensions: working conditions, work intensity, health and safety at work, and work–life balance. These dimensions were much more positive in SMEs. Employment-related public policy should therefore focus more specifically on SMEs. There are two reasons for this. First, despite the recession, SMEs have shown themselves to be key factors in the explanation of job quality. Second, by making changes to their value generation model, they could continue to drive the creation of better quality jobs.     

Policy Space: What,for What,and Where?

This article examines how developing countries can use, and enlarge, existing policy space, without opting out of international commitments. It argues that: (i) a meaningful context for policy space must extend beyond trade policy and include macroeconomic and exchange‐rate policies that will achieve developmental goals more effectively; (ii) policy space depends not only on international rules but also on the impact of international market conditions and policy decisions taken in other countries on the effectiveness of national policy instruments; and (iii) international integration affects policy space through several factors that pull in opposite directions; whether it increases or reduces policy space differs by country and type of integration.     

清代佑宁寺在满蒙藏多边关系格局中的地位探微

17世纪的蒙藏关系发展到一个新的阶段,清朝政府采取种种措施加强对蒙藏地区的统治,被誉为“湟北诸寺之母”的青海佑宁寺,以高僧辈出、著作宏富而驰名蒙、藏、土等地区,在藏传佛教发展史上占有重要地位。佑宁寺在宗教方面的历史贡献前人已有著述,本文则试从其政治、文化等方面分析佑宁寺在密切蒙藏关系、清中央王朝对蒙藏地区的统治所起的桥梁与纽带作用进行探讨。     

多边汇率风险下各国通货膨胀复杂性变化研究

国际汇率风险是一国经济市场稳定的重要决定因素,为此文章采用数值方法,对各种多边汇率情景下各国通货膨胀水平的变化情况进行模拟仿真.研究发现,汇率变化对各国通货膨胀的影响,受到各国问制造业产品替代弹性的干扰,存在复杂性特征:在各国制造业产品替代弹性处于低水平时,有金融国参与的贬值情景,有利于压低各国的通胀水平;当各国制造业产品替代弹性达到一定程度时,制造国(或资源国)的单独贬值,有利于压低本国的通胀水平,但却会拉高其他国家的通胀水平.因此,在国际汇率政策决策中,为控制国内通胀水平,一国应充分考虑多边汇率决策的综合博弈结果,而不是简单的一对一关系.