再论管理研究中的关系:“关”与“系”的交互视角

在系统回顾现有关系研究文献基础之上,结合关系研究和社会网络理论,区分双边联系(即“关”)和多边网络(即“系”)两大不同视角,重新梳理文献。在此基础上,对未来关系研究如何整合“关”视角和“系”视角提出了系统性建议,尤其是构建“关”与“系”二者整体性与动态性交互的核心机制体系,提出了包括信任转让、信任转化、“佛面”效应、多重结构四大交互机制,通过阐述“关”“系”互动机制,重新解读“关系”。     

Indigenous Psychology: Grounding Science in Culture,Why and How?

My agenda is to ground psychological science in culture by using complex rather than overly simple models of culture and using indigenous categories as criteria of a translation test to determine the adequacy of scientific models of culture. I first explore the compatibility between Chinese indigenous categories and complex models of culture, by casting in the theoretical framework of symmetry and symmetry breaking (Bolender, 2010) a series of translations performed on Fiske's (1991) relational models theory. Next, I show how the dimensional approach to culture, prevalent in mainstream psychology, fails the translation test. Ethical implications of this analysis for cross cultural psychology are discussed.     

Managing dependency in China outsourcing relationships

Abstract

This paper examines manufacturing firms’ use of guanxi and formal control to address dependence on suppliers and achieve desired outsourcing performance in China. Using survey data collected from manufacturing firms operating in China, a structural equation model is used to test the research model. The results suggest that manufacturing firms with high dependence on suppliers build Chinese guanxi with those suppliers to overcome the dependence and enhance outsourcing performance. In addition, Chinese guanxi also appears to facilitate the use of formal control, which was also found to have a positive relationship with outsourcing performance. This paper contributes to the literature by illustrating the importance of guanxi in achieving desired outsourcing performance in the China context, particularly in the case where a manufacturer perceives high dependency on its major supplier.     

基于上下级关系的沟通开放性对组织承诺的影响研究

对315位中国企业的员工进行测试,探讨沟通开放性对组织承诺的影响以及领导-成员交换和"关系"在此过程中的中介作用,并考察年龄、学历、职位级别等个人特征对各变量的影响。研究结论表明:①组织中沟通开放性对员工组织承诺有正向的影响;②沟通开放性对领导-成员交换和上下级"关系"均有正向的影响;③"关系"在沟通开放性与员工组织承诺的关系中起完全中介作用;④领导-成员交换不直接在沟通开放性与员工组织承诺的关系中起中介作用。在此基础上对中国企业提出有关建议:建立良性的正式沟通网络,保证各种信息能顺利进行传递;上级要对下属更加开放;上级要与下级保持良好的个人"关系",以获得下属的忠诚,以增强员工的组织承诺。     

Guanxilization or categorization: psychological mechanisms contributing to the formation of the Chinese concept of “us”

中国社会心理学在面对急速的社会变迁中，需要以变迁与文化的视角来选择研究 问题，而中国社会文化中群己关系的社会心理机制，即“我们”概念的形成机制及其 转换的可能与条件，正是一个体现着双重视角的基本问题。对这一问题的探讨不仅有 助于解释社会凝聚力、群体行动的逻辑，讨论国家与个人、社会与个人、类别与个人 的关系；也有助于培植社会转型时期的社会心理资源和社会支持系统，从而促进社会 合作。与以往单一机制的分析框架不同，通过对两个个案的讨论，研究提出了一个 新的分析框架，即：中国人“我们”概念是在社会情境的启动和价值取向等因素影响之 下，经由相互交织的“关系化”与“类别化”双重过程形成的。

关键词: “我们”?概念?群己关系?关系?关系化?类别化

Faced with rapid social transformation, the discipline of social psychology in China needs to choose its research topics from the perspective of both change and culture. A basic issue reflecting precisely these two perspectives is that of the formation of the social psychology mechanism of individual‐group relations, namely the formation of the concept of “us” in Chinese society and culture, as well as the possibility and conditions for the transformation of this mechanism. Exploring this issue will not only help us to understand social cohesion and the logic of group behavior and to discuss the relationship between the state and the individual, society and the individual, and the category and the individual; it will also help cultivate social psychology resources and support systems at a time of social transition, and thus promote social cooperation.. Unlike previous analytical studies that focused on a unitary mechanism, this study uses the discussion of two cases to put forward a new framework for analysis: that is, the Chinese concept of “us” comes into being through the mingling of “guanxilization” and “categorization” under the influence of social context priming, value orientation and other factors.     

弱关系的弱势及其转化——“关系”的一种文化阐释路径

本文试图对“关系”的文化特质加以探讨。作者首先梳理了学界有关“关系”的文化论题、结构论题和工具论题，并阐明了重拾文化论题的必要性。在此基础上，作者指出，有必要突破以往过于倚重中国社会本土概念的文化阐释方法，寻求更具有普遍意含的社会学概念和理论工具来界说和分析中国社会的“关系”现象。作为一种初步尝试，作者提出，社会网络理论中的弱关系概念对于认识中国社会的“关系”具有特殊的意义。在作者看来，在中国社会，“关系” 是与家族（或家族）内部关系相对应的一种社会关系形式，前者以弱关系为特征，后者以强关系为特征，两者在满足的功能、成员的可供选择性、规范性和社会分层效应等诸多方面都具有明显的差异。作者认为，“关系”实际上是指导社会成员处理某些家庭外部社会关系的行动模板。作者还提出，中国的“关系”不仅是一种弱关系文化，而且由于它善于促成弱关系向强关系的方向转化，善于从弱关系的动员中释放出巨大的社会能量，因而深刻地塑造了中国的社会结构形态。     

The role of guanxi in buyer–supplier relationships in Chinese small- and medium-sized enterprises – a resource-based perspective

This paper examines the role of guanxi (personal relationships or connections) in buyer–supplier relationships in Chinese small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), through exploratory research that gained access to companies actually using guanxi. The resource-based view provided a systematic approach for analysing the role of guanxi in terms of its potential to be a source of sustained competitive advantage. Business guanxi connections were identified as possessing the potential to be considered an organisational resource. This study identified several valuable attributes of guanxi at the organisational level. However, the guanxi-based advantage can only be sustained under certain conditions. SMEs should create an organisational environment that encourages their employees to actively establish and maintain guanxi connections within the company and beyond. However, companies in China need to recognise that firms that possess superior technological skills or capabilities have a stronger bargaining power, as they are able to deliver quality at competitive prices over the long run.     

中国文化背景下的“关系”与组织管理

关系是一个典型的本土社会心理概念.它是中国人最为重要的社会资本,在一定程度上决定了社会资源的流向,并因此影响个体的社会行为和组织行为.文章综合前人的研究成果,概括了关系的内涵、特征与分类,剖析了关系作用的机理,探讨了关系对华人组织管理的影响,并对未来关系理论研究的发展趋势做了一个简单的展望.     

无形资本VS有形资本:创意产业新企业生存能力的影响因素分析

通过分析金融资本、关系资本和先前经验这三类重要的创业资源对创意产业新企业生存能力的影响,比较了无形资本与有形资本对新企业生存能力影响程度的大小。结果表明,创业者拥有的有形资本对创意产业新企业的生存更加重要,尤其是在新企业成立的初期,避免新企业创立初期现金流局限可能造成的关键员工信心丧失和人员流失,才能保证附着于其上的关系资本和先前经验等无形资本发挥重要作用。     

关系网络对家族企业社会责任的影响——来自浙江和重庆两地制造业家族企业的实证

利用浙江和重庆两地制造业家族企业的调查数据,基于因子分析、多元回归分析等研究方法,实证检验了组织间关系网络对家族企业社会责任的影响以及家族所有权的调节作用,研究结果表明:(1)网络中心度对家族企业内部人责任、外部人责任和公共责任有显著的正向影响,网络密度对家族企业外部人责任有显著的正向影响,一级网络关系强度对家族企业内部人责任、外部人责任和公共责任有显著的正向影响,二级网络开放度对家族企业内部人责任和外部人责任有显著的负向影响;(2)家族所有权负向调节网络中心度与家族企业内部人责任、外部人责任和公共责任的关系。