Eye-tracking methodology: exploring the processing of question formats in web surveys

In social research, the use of agree/disagree (A/D) questions is a popular method for measuring attitudes. Research has shown that A/D questions require complex cognitive processing and are susceptible to response bias. Thus, some researchers recommend the use of item-specific (IS) questions. This study examines the processing of A/D and IS questions, using eye-tracking methodology. By recording respondents’ eye movements, how respondents process survey questions can be evaluated. The results reveal that IS questions cause more and longer fixations. However, this only applies to the response categories. There are no differences regarding the question stems. Altogether, it seems that IS response categories trigger deeper cognitive processing than A/D response categories.     

Investigating the impact of violations of the “left and top means first” heuristic on response behavior and data quality

ABSTRACT

Web surveys are an established data collection mode that use written language to provide information. The written language is accompanied by visual elements, such as presentation formats and shapes. However, research has shown that visual elements influence response behavior because respondents sometimes use interpretive heuristics to make sense of the visual elements. One such heuristic is the ‘left and top means first’ (LTMF) heuristic, which suggests that respondents tend to believe that a response scale consistently runs from left to right or from top to bottom. We conducted a web survey experiment to investigate how violations of the LTMF heuristic affect response behavior and data quality. For this purpose, a random half of respondents received response options that followed a consistent order and the other half received response options that followed an inconsistent order. The results reveal significantly different response distributions between the two groups. We also found that inconsistently ordered response options significantly increase response times and decrease data quality in terms of criterion validity. We, therefore, recommend using options that follow the design strategies of the LTMF heuristic.     

The Semantic Web and the BIBFRAME Initiative

The implementation of the semantic web based on linked data principles represents a movement toward transforming the World Wide Web into a database of linked resources, where data may be widely reused and shared. Web services can be enhanced by drawing on semantically aware data made available by a variety of providers. The Bibliographic Framework (BIBFRAME) Initiative seeks to expose rich library metadata to the semantic web, configured so that semantic data from other sources can be incorporated in meeting library user needs.     

网红直播带货的伦理审视

随着网络直播的兴起和网红经济的发展,"网红直播带货"成为一种新的重要营销方式,它不仅能满足人们个性化的物质需求,而且能满足个体的社交化情感诉求,但其中所潜藏的诚信缺失和个体消费成瘾等伦理失范问题较为突出。加强个人义利观教育、完善社会诚信监督机制,丰盈个体精神生活、净化社会消费风气,则是解决这些伦理问题的可行性路径。     

Is the web a promising tool for data collection in developing countries? An analysis of the sample bias of 10 web and face-to-face surveys from Africa,Asia, and South America

Whereas the sample composition biases of web surveys have been discussed extensively for developed countries, studies for developing countries are scarce. This article helps to fill that gap by comparing similar non-probability-based web surveys (WEB) and probability-based face-to-face (F2F) surveys both to each other and to the labor force. An analysis of WageIndicator data on work and wages derived from surveys held in 2009–2013 in 10 developing countries (WEB-sample N = 9135; F2F-sample N = 14,659), shows that F2F samples resemble the labor force to a larger extent than web samples do. In both cases, individuals in their 20s and early 30s are overrepresented, and younger and older respondents are underrepresented. This trend is more pronounced in WEB than in F2F samples. However, the differences converge in countries with higher Internet usage. A comparison of the WEB and F2F samples shows that compositions differ greatly, with web respondents being younger, more often male, more often living alone, and higher educated, although these differences are smaller in countries with higher Internet usage. Given the cost differences between the two survey modes, one should nevertheless consider the potential of web surveys as an instrument to gain explorative insights, specifically when searching for individuals with particular characteristics.     

“能指狂欢”中的女性问题——以“网络红人”的情爱与审美为例

在意义增值和意义消失同时进行也即所谓的"能指的狂欢"时代,人们对女性主义的发展给予了更多的乐观。文章以"网络红人"现象为突破口,提出"能指的狂欢"并不能带来女性更多的解放,甚至会倒退,网络时代的女性拥有了更多的自由,但并不能改变男性主掌的"话语权"。而任由自恋、价值虚无和性开放泛滥也不会给女性带来尊严与价值,而是离女性主义者最初的理想更加遥远。     

浅谈HTML5的应用与前景

近几年来,HTML5发展迅猛,俨然已经成为最新的Web标准。其独具特色的功能属性更好地满足了开发人员和客户对于移动应用的使用需求。在诸多IT公司与浏览器厂商的极力推广下,HTML5将成为网页设计爱好者的新宠。     

基于Ontology的跨组织知识整合方法研究

从知识整合的实际需求和研究现状出发,给出了跨组织环境下基于Ontology技术的知识整合流程,并结合语义网技术实现了知识集的闭包、查询与标准化同构等算法,开发了跨组织知识整合的原型系统。通过一个钢铁企业跨组织知识整合案例展示了原型系统的功能,说明知识的整合可以达到语义增值的效果;通过两个实验给出了原型系统的性能。     

网络多媒体环境下二语词汇习得认知模式

为了提高网络多媒体环境下所进行的二语词汇习得的效度,综合二语习得及相关理论,分析了在该环境中进行词汇习得的认知模式。结果表明：该模式在感性认知、理性认知、强化认知和系统认知四个阶段得到优化;具有立体化、流程化、个性化和一体化的特质;习得者在对词汇信息进行筛选、加工和重组之后,最终完成信息内化和意义建构。     

电子政务异构系统数据交换平台的实现研究

以电子政务资源整合需求为背景,依托政府专网,基于XML,Web Services和IBM WebSphere MQSeries中间件等作为数据交换的技术基础,针对电子政务异构系统数据交换平台的内部结构、交换标准、安装配置、传输方式和接口以及信息发送和接收等问题,提出了简单可行、代价最小的实现方法.