无限好客与永久和平——与德里达一起思考勒维纳斯与康德在和平观上的对立

当代世界,地区冲突此起彼伏,文明对抗愈演愈烈,以康德为代表的启蒙理性所倡导的和平理念似乎与今天的人类渐行渐远,难道理性乃至启蒙理性出了问题?勒维纳斯起而反思康德的和平观。归纳起来看,勒维纳斯和康德在和平观上存在四个方面的尖锐对立:在和平的起点上,康德认为和平始于公民社会,而勒维纳斯则诉诸前自然状态;在和平的根据上,康德认为其基础在于理性和自然的合目的性,而勒维纳斯则归之于脸和他者;在和平的实施与人的道德(善)之间的关系上,康德认为人类的进步与道德的提升没有任何关系,而勒维纳斯则指出,没有善就无所谓和平;对于和平的核心概念,如相邻性、好客等等,康德将其认作有限的权利,而勒维纳斯则把它们视为无限的责任。如果换个角度来看,这些对立与其说是对立,不如说是补充和深化。如果我们进一步追问,把勒维纳斯的“好客”理论变成康德“和平论”的基础,是否就万事大吉了呢?文明之间是否会从对抗走向对话?从解构理论的立场上剖析,勒维纳斯的和平观也蕴涵着另一种危险。

Infinite Hospitality and Perpetual Peace——Contemplation of the Confrontation between Levinas and Kant from Derrida's Perspective of Peace

In the present world,regional conflicts take place consecutively and clashes between civilizations are becoming increasingly severe.It seems that the concept of peace advocated by Kantian reason of the Enlightenment is departing away from us.Does that mean reason or even the reason of the Enlightenment go wrong? Levinas reflects upon Kantian concept of peace,against which Levinas goes tit for tat in four aspects:in the starting point of peace,Kantian thought takes it true that peace originates only from civic society,while Levinas resorts to the pre-natural state;in the foundation of peace,peace in Kant is thought to be based on reason and natural finality,while Levinas subordinates it to face and the other;in the relation between the accomplishment of peace and human morality(Goodness),it is Kantian idea that holds the progress of humanity has nothing to do with the improvement of morality,while Levinas points out that peace is impossible without Goodness;and as for such central peace concepts as "proximity" and "hospitality",Kant regards them as a limited right,while Levinas looks on them as an infinite responsibility.If viewed from another angle,these contradicts would be rather mutually complementary.Furthermore,if we add Levinasian reflection as a fundament into the space of Kantian thought,is it possible that this would bring us perpetual peace as Levinas once expected? Would the clashes between civilizations go to dialogue? From the perspective of deconstruction,danger of the other kind lurks behind Levinas' concept of peace.