中晚唐“苦吟”内涵的再考察

中晚唐的“苦吟”不仅是一种苦思的写法，还有更多的内涵。第一，苦吟诗人在人群上以科举穷士为主，内容上以吟苦及苦闷的消解为核心；第二，苦吟还体现了穷士诗人在困境中逆俗自立的不懈追求，他们或倚之科举及第，或倚之实现立言不朽的追求，或倚之寄托心灵、实现精神生命的延续；第三，苦吟还是苦吟诗人苦中作乐的生活方式与癖好，他们把苦吟与休闲结合起来，使苦吟成为一种颇有吸引力的写作与休闲自娱相结合的生活方式，有的苦吟诗人吟诗甚至达到了成狂成痴的地步；最后，苦吟诗人在风格上有苦吟以求怪奇和精妙的审美倾向。

Reinspection of kuyin in Middle and Late Tang Dynasty

The Kuyin （ bitter versification） in the middle and late Tang Dynasty not only is a kind of rumination of writing, but has more meanings. First, most bitter poets were poor and unsuccessful in the imperial examinations, and their poems had suffering reflection and depression digestion as the core content. Second, bitter versification embodies the poets＇ relentless pursuit of self-reliance against the secular plight： they relied upon passing the imperial examinations, or leaned on achieving immortal glory of poem composing, or reposed their soul to realizing the continuation of spiritual life. Third, bitter versification is also an attractive lifestyle for it combined writing with selif-entertainment and leisure; some poets were even obsessed to nearly craziness. Finally, the bitter versification had the strange and exquisite aesthetic tendencies.