金朝多民族文学格局析论

女真族所建政权下的金朝文学具有多民族特征。在金国境内,汉民族虽非主体民族,却是文坛主流;女真虽为主体民族,却是文坛偏师;女真、渤海文学共同与汉民族文学构成鼎足、相辅之势;契丹族、奚族文学呈弱势。多民族文学的互动、互补,丰富了当时中国北方文学的历史景观,成为金朝文学的突出特色之一。这些现象从不同侧面体现了中国古代多民族文学发展的规律:民族融合、民族文化融合对中国古代北方民族所建王朝文学的发展及其特征的形成起着关键性作用;汉民族代表的中心文化与北方民族边缘文化的双向交流、优势互补,是形成多民族文学格局的历史机缘;凡主体性和民族气质、个性特征强烈、鲜明,且在民族融合进程中善于吸取、学习异质文化之长的民族,其文学就繁荣发达。以往认为金朝文学只是北方民族政权下的汉族作家创作的观点难以准确反映其文学的完整体貌和本质特征。

An Analysis of Multiple National Literary Pattern of Jin Dynasty

The Jin literature created by Nuzhen nationalities was a multiple national one.Under the Jin reign,Han,as minorities,constituted the mainstream of the literary circle,while Nuzhen,though majorities in population,was minorities in literary creation.The Han,Nuzhen and Bohai nationalities were the three polars in the literary landscape while Kitai and Xi literatures were relatively weak.The interdependence and compliment among these national literatures enriched the historic landscape of literature in northern China at that time and became one of the outstanding characteristics of Jin literature.Such phenomena reflected the development law of ancient Chinese multiple national literature from different respects: racial mixing and cultural mixing exercised crucial effects on the development and forming of literature;the two-way interflowing and complimenting between the central culture represented by Han nationalities and the borderline culture represented by northern nationalities was the historic reasons for the formation of multiple national literary pattern;only those nationalities could have a flourishing literature was flourishing that had strong and distinctive subjectivity,national temperament and individuality and were good at absorbing,learning from other cultures.The old view that the Jin literature was no other than that created by Han writers cannot show the whole appearance and essential characteristics of the Jin literature.