晋元帝立国江东的政治地理格局——兼议“王与马共天下”的空间结构

晋元帝立国江东揭开了东晋南朝的序幕,也开启了东晋门阀政治时代。在元帝立国江东的政治地理格局中,国家空间结构有五个较为明显的区域,包括沿江核心地带、拱卫辅助区、边缘区、边境区等四个功能区和一个沦陷区。这一空间结构反映了“王与马共天下”的士族政治形态,王敦兄弟通过军事和政治控制了沿江核心地带;元帝则苦心经营核心区两侧的拱卫辅助区,以与王氏宗族抗衡;边缘区则因士族风气、习尚的影响被进一步边缘化;边境区活跃的北伐或南逃的流民帅基本上为朝廷所支配,关键时成为掣肘王敦的外援;沦陷区是名义上的疆土,中原最终淡出江东政权的空间视野,江东的侨置政区安置了南渡士族,也慰藉了其对故国家园的忆念。

A Study of the Political Geography Pattern of Emperor Yuan’s Jiangdong Regime: With a Discussion on the Spatial Structure of the State Co-governed by Wang and Ma

The current research of the political geography of the East Jin Dynasty focuses on certain areas of strategic importance such as Yangzhou, Jingzhou, Xuzhou, Guangzhou, etc., while the discussion of the spatial structure of the regime from the perspective of macro political geography is inadequate, among which many issues are covered by the studies of the Six Dynasties or the Southern Dynasties. Considering the particularity of the aristocratic political society of the East Jin Dynasty, it is necessary to examine its political geography, independent from the Six Dynasties or the Southern Dynasties. This paper is a study of the macro political geography of the regime of Emperor Yuan of the Jin, the first emperor of the East Jin Dynasty who started the era of an aristocratic political society south of the Yangtze River. Emperor Yuan’s court, a so-called state co-governed by Wang and Ma, was heavily checked by Wang’s clan, against which Emperor Yuan tried to fight. This paper thereby discusses the distribution and interaction of the military and political geographical units which were a result of the political struggles and military conflicts between the two sides, and then interprets the aristocratic politics of Emperor Yuan’s regime from a perspective of political geography. The regime of Sima Rui, also known as the Jiangdong regime, lasted over sixteen years, including his roles as the head of the East for ten years, King of Jin for one year, and the Emperor of East Jin for five years. During his period as the head the East, the Sima Rui clique conquered the disobedient forces within the territory. Although his group had an ambition of establishing a new regime south of the Yangtze River, his administrative regionalization showed full respect for the falling court of West Jin. After East Jin was founded south of the Yangtze River, the spatial structure of Emperor Yuan’s regime exhibited five political geographical units, including the core zone along the Yangtze River, the protective supporting area, the marginal area, the border area and the occupied area. This spatial structure reflected an aristocratic political form called ″Wang and Ma co-governing the state″. The Wang brothers controlled the core zone along the Yangtze River while Emperor Yuan tried to contend with Wang’s clan by managing the protective supporting areas, neighboring the core zone. The marginal areas, located on the southern and western frontiers, were further marginalized because of the influence of the aristocratic ethos on the one hand, and on the other hand were not efficiently administered due to the sluggish and weak imperial court on the other. The border areas, which were first distributed between the Yellow River and the Huai River then retreated to the south of the Huai River, and the armed forces, predominantly consisting of refugee generals who fought against enemies in these areas, were generally dominated by Emperor Yuan’s court. After the boundary between East Jin and Zhao moved to the south of the Huai River, the newly formed border areas between the Huai River and the Yangtze River were actually connected to the protective supporting areas west of the Yangtze River, and the refugee generals, for their ethnic, national and family interests, usually obeyed the command of Emperor Yuan’s court and became an external military support when Wang Dun occupied the capital. The occupied areas, once the central part of West Jin, were still the nominal territory of East Jin because of the existence of the resistant forces of the Han nationality. With the fall of the resistant forces, the nominal territory eventually faded out of the sight of the Jiangdong regime. As the political manipulator of Jiangdong regime, the aristocratic group did nothing but hypocritically shed a few tears over the areas occupied by ethnic barbarians in North China. These immigrant aristocratic families from the north were resettled in special districts and their homesickness was therefore comforted by these special districts’ same names as their hometowns in North China. After Wang Dun’s rebellion was suppressed, this spatial structure of political geography, which was a result of the political struggles between Emperor Yuan and Wang Dun, was adjusted to be advantageous to the imperial rule in 324 A.D. when Emperor Ming took efforts to strengthen his imperial power.