宋代实学与官员“科学家”

宋代实学获得繁荣发展,与宋代科举制的繁荣发展密切相关,正是及第进士人数大增,使更多的读书人看到进入体制的希望,进入体制需要按照官僚体制的需求塑造自己,既要研读科举考试所需要的诗赋经史学问,也要顾及到成为官僚后所需要的技能。在这种大背景下,实学兴起,沈括、秦九韶这些享誉世界杰出科学家的成就明显表现出官员"科学家"科学研究的旨趣。同时不应该忽视的是,宋代在取得巨大科技成就的背后,并没有改变中国历史上一以贯之的东西。从宋代开始,科学多被纳入实学的范畴,直到近代西方科学传入中国相当长的一段时期里,科学也没有走出实学的窠臼,这在一定程度上折射出"用"一直是中国古代科学发展的重要动力。

Practical Learning and Scientists Serving as Officials in Song Dynasty

With the prosperity of the imperial examination system,the practical learning of Song Dynasty obtained its flourishing development.Just because of the increase in the number of people who were successful candidates in the highest imperial examinations,more and more intellectuals saw the hope of the entering the system,which needed these scholars to shape themselves according to the bureaucratic system.They not only had to learn the knowledge well which was demanded by the imperial examination but also took the skills of being bureaucrat into account.Therefore,the practical learning sprang up in this background.The achievements of these outstanding scientists in the world,for example Shen Kuo and Qin Jiushao,demonstrated clearly the interest in research of scientists serving as officers.Although there were great scientific achievements in Song Dynasty,we should not ignore that they did not change something that had been insisted in Chinese history.From Song Dynasty,sciences were included into the scope of practical learning.And sciences were not out of the constraint of the practical learning until Western science was introduced into China.It was reflected to some extent that Using was an important power prompting the development of science.