清代基层社会控制中州县官与绅士关系之演变

官绅合治是中国地方行政的常态。19世纪中期以前,清代绅士一般不担任地方政府职务,他们只是给州县官提供咨询,进行协助,州县官掌握着对基层社会的主控权;咸丰初年,在太平天国迅猛发展的情况下,清政府在全国大规模地兴办团练。绅士通过团练组织,扩大团练的社会功能,由幕后走向了前台,成为乡村控制的主体。清末新政时期,办理地方自治,使大批绅士从体制外走向体制内,由非正式权力变为正式权力,绅士不仅已完全控制基层社会,并且正式进入州县政府机构。

The Relation Evolution between the Local Magistrate and the Gentry in the Grass-Roots of Society Control in the Qing Dynasty

The officials and gentry gather govern is the Chinese local administration habit.In Qing Dynasty,the gentleman does not hold the post of the local authority duty generally before 19th century intermediate stages.They only provide the consultation and assistance to the local magistrate.The basic unit society is principally in control of the magistrate;in Xian Feng first year,because of swift and violent development of Taiping heavenly kingdom,the Qing government massively establishes the local militia.The gentry who secretly moves towards the onstage becomes the main body of the village control through the militia.At the end of the Qing new deal time,large quantities of gentlemen move into the system by handling local self-government.The gentry not only have controlled the basic unit society completely,but also center the state country government organization officially.