未成年人监护制度演进规律与现实走向

在历时性视觉，未成年人监护制度作为历史范畴，呈示出从家庭主义经由个人主义到国家主义的演进规律。在共时性视野，未成年人监护制度作为社会范畴，表现出公法化、社会化时代走向。现代产业分工和社会保障事业、公共服务体系的发展，现代人的需要结构中精神需要的增强，文化结构中个人独立性意识提高，家庭结构中核心家庭的上升与主导作用，是影响未成年人监护法现代变革的重要因素。我国现行未成年人监护的制度理念中，表现出明显的重家庭责任、轻国家责任，重亲属监护、轻社会监护，重私力自治、轻公力干预，重固有传统、轻继受文明，重扶养关系、轻监护体系，重身份伦理道德、轻法律规制调整，重单位基层义务、轻政府公益保障，重人身监护、轻财产监护的特点。中国民法典重构未成年人监护制度，必须充分考量近40年的改革成果和全面建设小康社会的时代驱动，遵循六个规律、五项原则，把握五大关系。

Evolutionary Rule and Realistic Trends of the Minor Guardianship System

As a historical category, the minor guardianship system presents an evolutionary rule of familism to nationalism through individualism. As a social category, the minor guardianship system presents a tendency of publicization and socialization from a synchronic perspective. Such important factors affecting the minor guardianship law’s transformation contain modern industrial division and the development of social security as well as public service systems, spiritual demands enhancing the modern needs structure, individual independence consciousness raising the cultural structure, as well as the rise and leading role of nuclear families in household structures. The current guardianship system philosophy values family responsibility over state responsibility, relational guardianship over social guardianship, private autonomy over public intervention, constitutional tradition over successional civilization, maintaining relationships over guardianship systems, identity, as well as ethics and morality over legal regulation.