银行操作风险度量方法与在我国商业银行的适用性探析

新巴塞尔协议出台后,对操作风险的度量在银行业已是一个较为热门的研究课题.本文阐述了目前国际银行业操作风险度量的几种主要方法,并作了彼此之间的比较分析,旨在探讨适合我国商业银行实际的操作风险度量方法,呼应国内银行目前正在推进中的风险管理改革,提高我国商业银行风险管理水平.     

考虑保险缓释条件的我国商业银行操作风险度量

巴塞尔新资本协议(2004)规定,在使用高级度量法(AMA)度量操作风险最低资本金时,银行可以考虑操作风险保险缓释效应.本文将保险合同纳入极值理论度量我国商业银行操作风险,考虑了银行投保后面临的新风险,如还款不确定性,交易对手风险等.通过实证分析,得出保险对我国商业银行操作风险损失的缓释作用.     

基于股票收益的操作风险资本估计——自上而下方法

操作风险的度量方法包括自下而上和自上而下两种方式,自上而下的方法由于风险敏感度低而较少被银行和学术界关注,但其具有对数据要求低、容易验证的优点.构建一个基于上市银行股票收益的自上而下的操作风险度量模型,利用2000年～2006年中国5家上市银行面板收益数据和其他相关数据,对中国上市银行的操作风险进行实际度量,发现了在中国上市银行的股票收益中操作风险所占的平均比率,并得到相应的操作风险资本估计;用估计的操作风险经济资本与用基本指标法计算的操作风险经济资本进行比较,发现两种方法结果大致相当,这表明按照<巴塞尔新资本协议>规定的基本指标法确定风险资本基本能满足抵御操作风险的要求.度低而较少被银行和学术界关注,但其具有对数据要求低、容易验证的优点.构建一个基于上市银行股票收益的自上而下的操作风险度量模型,利用2000年～2006年中国5家上市银行面板收益数据和其他相关数据,对中国上市银行的操作风险进行实际度量,发现了在中国上市银行的股票收益中操作风险所占的平均比率,并得到相应的操作风险资本估计;用估计的操作风险经济资本与用基本指标法计算的操作风险经济资本进行比较,发现两种方法结果大致相当,这表明按照<巴塞尔新资本协议>规定的基本指标法确定风险资本基本能满足抵御操作风险的要求.     

基于巴塞尔协议III的商业银行信用风险管理

《巴塞尔协议III》对全球银行业提出了更严格的监管指标,且更加注重安全性,因此,对于商业银行的贷款企业信用违约情况的度量也显得至关重要。本文先对巴塞尔协议III进行了介绍,选定KMV模型作为对商业银行信用风险度量的模型,通过选取了沪深8家绩优股公司和8家ST股公司为样本,得到KMV模型的两个指标:违约距离DD和预期违约率EDF。实证结果显示绩优股公司的DD较大,EDF较小,即违约的可能性较小,ST股公司则相反,这一结果与实际情况基本上相符合。最后,提出相应的结论与建议。     

基于IE"连续改善"思想的我国商业银行操作风险度量模型

操作风险是银行业需要面临的主要风险之一,在度量操作风险的问题上,运用定量定性方法的结合来衡量操作风险日益取代通过操作手册或者风险清单来进行管理的方法,这也是IT技术的发展以及银行操作自动化程度不断提高的结果.本文首先介绍了新的巴塞尔协议所确定的操作风险度量方法以及前人在这一方面的研究成果,引人"沃尔评分法",结合IE"连续改善"的思想建立适合度量我国商业银行操作风险的定量模型,通过实证表明该模型是适合度量国内商业银行操作风险.     

现代信用风险度量模型的实证比较与适用性分析

本文通过实证比较分析发现,现代信用风险度量模型对银行贷款的违约率、贷款损失和损失率的预测结果的差异性较大;但信用监测模型和信用风险附加法所预测的经济资本配置比例不仅符合巴塞尔协议对银行贷款经济资本的要求,也略大于实际应该配置的比例,实证表明了它们对度量我国商业银行贷款组合的信用风险具有较好的适用性.此外,本文也充分验证了借款人信用等级的不同,银行贷款经济资本配置的比例会有显著性的差异.     

基于非参数方法的银行操作风险度量

金融业全球化竞争和金融管制放松,导致商业银行面临的操作风险不断增加,操作风险已成为金融监管的焦点.因此,对商业银行和其它金融机构来说,可靠的操作风险度量正变得越来越重要.文章采用基于厚尾分布的非参数方法度量我国商业银行操作风险,给出了VaR的点估计方法和3种区间估计方法(正态近似法NA,经验似然法EL,数据倾斜法DT).此方法的优点在于不用假设操作风险损失分布,这样可以消除参数化模型设定差异而带来的估计偏差.同时,根据厚尾分布的特征,提出了新的厚尾分布样本均值求法,调整后均值更注重对尾部的描述和刻画.实证结果表明:调整后的厚尾分布样本均值大于简单算术平均值,更符合右偏厚尾的分布特征;非参数方法得到的VaR点估计和区间估计考虑了厚尾的因素,解决了传统VaR低估风险的问题,更接近真实情况;VaR 3种区间估计的方法能够提升对风险衡量的准确性,其中DT方法所得到的区间估计最为准确.     

宏观经济变量影响下的银行极端操作风险研究

操作风险管理是当前金融和监管机构密切关注的焦点,但其低频高危数据的严重缺失一直阻碍着极端操作风险度量模型的应用.本文构建了考虑发生频度的复合泊松过程应用模型,从广义帕累托分布(GPD)与广义极值分布(GEV)两种角度度量商业银行的极端操作风险.通过采用国际活跃银行的资本市场数据,基于宏观经济变量影响的Fama-French多因素模型,剥离传统的市场风险、信用风险以及流动性风险等获得综合操作风险极端数据,模拟测度外部事件影响下的银行极端操作风险发现:基于POT(过阈值峰值模型)方法估算的OpCVaR(操作风险的条件在险价值)高于其累积的在险价值,而BMM(分块极值模型)方法提供了一定期限内金融机构的最大损失额频度;且实证分析发现中资银行就其外部宏观经济影响下的极端操作风险而言,普遍低于其国际同行,但排除此次金融危机的系统性影响,则国际活跃银行的风控能力更稳定,这对改善我国银行操作风险管理和监管极具实践意义.     

股市回报率分布的厚尾性与风险估测模型的绩效探讨

当金融时间序列具有分布的厚尾性、波动的集聚性等特征时,传统的方法将难以胜任对风险的准确度量.除了讨论在厚尾分布下如何应用条件极值与无条件极值来度量风险外,还利用历史模拟、风险矩阵、条件正态模型等方法进行风险值估计,最后运用五项评估指标对各种模型的预测效果进行了比较分析.     

巴塞尔协议Ⅲ下的农村商业银行信用风险管理研究

随着经济全球化的发展及我国金融业对外资的开放程度不断提高,我国传统的农村商业银行信用风险管理方式已经不能满足当前形势的需要,亟需提高其风险管理能力以实现持续发展。而新巴塞尔协议的实施给我国的农村商业银行信用风险管理带来了机遇,本文以新巴塞尔协议关于商业银行信用风险为核心思想,探讨我国农村商业银行的信用风险发展状况以及新巴塞尔协议对信用风险管理的影响,从而提出完善我国农村商业银行信用风险管理的对策。     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.