也谈西部大开发过程中的生态环境建设问题

本文论述了西部地区生态环境现状和存在的问题 ,提出了西部地区生态环境建设的对策建议     

西部民族地区生态环境建设的文化思考

西部民族地区生态环境的恶化 ,直接影响了西部大开发战略的实施。本文立足于制度文化、物质文化、思想观念文化和生态文化教育 ,对西部民族地区生态环境建设作了些探讨     

试论西部民族地区生态环境保护的法律构建

西部民族地区的生态环境建设关系到西部大开发战略的实施,关系到区域经济的发展,关系到民族地区的稳定和边疆安全。为了实现经济社会和生态环境保护的和谐发展,客观上要求我们必须在西部民族地区不断完善生态环境保护的法制体系,重视运用法律手段引导、规范、促进和保障西部民族地区生态环境的平衡协调。     

西部开发与贵州民族地区生态问题

西部大开发作为我国面向新世纪所作出的重大决策 ,生态环境问题是其切入点和突破口。文章分析了贵州民族地区生态环境面临的诸多问题 ,阐述了在西部开发中加快贵州民族地区生态环境建设的对策思路 ,提出需要强化可持续发展观 ,把消除贫困与经济建设、人口控制和生态环境保护利用相结合 ;调整利益格局和帮扶方式 ;加大对外开放 ,争取政策、资金、技术的支持和协作 ;完善民族自治地方法规体系 ,促进经济社会与生态环境的协调发展     

塔拉滩地区的生态状况及建设

加强生态环境建设 ,是实施西部大开发战略的根本和切入点 ,是保证西部民族地区可持续发展的关键所在。本文针对塔拉滩地区生态恶化之现状 ,探讨了对该地区生态环境保护和建设的对策。     

社会转型加快时期西部民族地区生态环境问题治理探析

社会转型加快时期西部民族地区经济社会的发展取得了巨大变化,但是由于西部民族地区自然环境条件恶劣,加之人口增长过快和自然资源的过度开发,该地区的生态环境问题凸出.探讨西部民族地区生态环境问题治理,对于协调西部民族地区经济社会发展,保障我国生态环境安全具有重要的意义.文章立足于西部民族地区经济社会发展现实,通过对生态环境问题进行分析,明确了问题产生的原因,并提出了适合西部民族地区生态环境问题治理的对策.     

论西部民族地区生态补偿机制的建构

西部民族地区是我国的生态屏障,但落后的产业结构、大规模的基础设施建设、国家重点项目的建设等不断给该地区生态环境恶化增量,使西部民族地区难以可持续发展,建构完善的全方位的生态补偿机制迫在眉睫。     

切实保护改善西部地区生态环境

在实施西部大开发战略中，切实保护和改善生态环境至关重要。保护和改善西部地区的生态环境不仅对保护全国的生态环境具有重要意义，同时对于保护东部地区改革开放的成果，保护中华民族的生存空间均具有重要意义。因此，强化生态环境意识，切实采取措施加强西部地区的生态建设，刻不容缓。     

湖南西部民族地区农村社区生态环境建设探析

在西部大开发形势下,加强湖南西部民族地区农村社区生态环境保护工作意义重大。公众环境意识较低、环境问题与贫困等社会问题交叉、人口众多是导致湖南西部民族地区农村生态环境建设的主要因素,由此而产生的一系列环境问题亟待解决。必须坚持从实际出发,实施可持续发展战略,正确处理发展经济保与护环境的关系,促进人与自然的和谐发展。     

建国40年来西部民族地区自然灾害的初步研究

西部民族地区是我国生态环境十分脆弱的地区,又是自然灾害较多的地区,在诸多自然灾害中,旱灾和雪灾对西部民族地区影响最大,并呈现出一定的发生规律。自然灾害对社会的影响,随着社会对自然灾害的抵御能力的逐渐增强而呈弱化,但是这种影响始终存在,并造成一定的财产和生命损失。加强区域间的合作研究和防治,提高农牧生产中的科技含量,保护西部地区的生态环境,是防治自然灾害的重要措施。     

西藏生态可持续发展研究

由于西藏生态过程对保障我国乃至东亚生态安全具有独特的屏障作用。受全球变化和人类活动的影响,西藏生态环境问题日趋凸显,生态安全屏障功能受到威胁。西藏生态环境保护与建设已成为我国可持续发展的瓶颈之一。为了保护西藏的生态环境和促进西藏的生态可持续发展,在分析西藏生态环境各种不可持续发展问题的基础上,提出了重视生态环境立法制度创新、重视生态补偿制度创新、重视政府对生态环境保护与建设的管理制度创新的政策建议。     

民族地区生态环境建设在全面建设小康社会中的意义和对策

全面建设小康社会是政治、经济、文化、环境等各项事业的协同发展。人、自然、社会,无论哪一个方面出现了不和谐的音符,如较低的人口素质,或动荡的社会环境,抑或是恶劣的自然环境,都会影响到全面建设小康社会的进程。民族地区的生态环境建设在民族地区全面建设小康社会中具有极其重大的意义。本文为之提出了几点对策性建议。     

西部民族地区经济与生态协调发展的理念转换与制度建构

在选择处理西部生态维护与经济发展之关系的策略和路径时,应当深入到西部民族地区内部研究相关问题,进而根据某一特定区域的经济、环境与社会发展的现状以及自然环境的承载力,确定适当的发展目标,适宜于发展经济的就将经济价值追求作为主要目标,否则,就应将环境价值作为发展的主要目标;应当将生态问题作为经济发展的内生因素,将生态维护纳入到经济发展规划之中,制定统一的生态经济发展规划,建立合理的生态经济核算体系;应当从全国性的战略高度来认识西部民族地区的生态与经济的协调发展问题,重视其生态屏障地位及其对整体的生态价值贡献,使西部民族地区尤其是生态脆弱区能依据其生态价值贡献而获得应有的经济收益。     

吉隆沟生态资源考察与旅游开发评价

吉隆沟是一个位于喜马拉雅山深处、几乎与世隔绝的高原峡谷,由于特殊的地理环境使这里形成了在喜马拉雅地区具有典型代表性的垂直生态体系,被誉为"高原地区最丰富的物种基因库"和"世界上最美丽的峡谷",随着中尼边境吉隆口岸建设计划的推进,吉隆峡谷的开发越来越迫在眉睫。文章在实地考察的基础上,对峡谷内的生态资源进行了科学评价,并初步提出了以徒步旅游为主要形式、生态旅游为主题的开发设想,为吉隆沟的开发建设提出一条建立在可持续发展基础上的发展之路。     

西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.     

西部开发立法的思考

西部开发先立法是法治经济的必然 ,开发先立法是世界经济发展的规律。西部开发立法应遵循法治原则、可持续发展原则、立法权合理配置原则。立法模式应采用基本法与“子法”相结合的方式 ,构建以“西部开发发展法”为基本法 ,以“西部生态环境保护法”、“西部投资法”、“西部人才培养法”、“西部发展援助法”为“子法”的法律体系。     

基于生态足迹模型的川西北高原地区可持续发展的耦合路径分析

在2010年国务院发布的《全国主体功能规划》中,川西北高原地区被确定为限制开发区和禁止开发区,成为国家重要的生态功能区之一。由此,在“生态保护”和“限制开发”的前提下,如何推进该地区经济社会的可持续发展,是各级地方党委政府必须面对和研究并解决好的重要问题之一。为此,本文以川西北重点生态功能区——红原县为例,运用生态足迹模型,对该区域自然资源的利用情况和自然生态系统的供给能力进行剖析,进一步分析了该区域的可持续发展状况,找出可持续发展中存在的主要问题和构成要素。在此基础上,以生态系统和经济发展系统相互耦合为视角,提出川西北高原地区可持续发展的耦合路径及对策建议。     

周恩来与西部地区铁路建设

新中国建立后,周恩来非常关注西部地区经济的发展,特别是交通运输的发展,为此付出了大量的心血。他较早明确了发展西部交通尤其铁路建设在民族复兴中的战略地位,使西部诸多省区改写了无铁路的历史,调整了建国前铁路不合理的布局,加强了内地与边疆的联系,强化了民族间的团结,促进了民族地区社会经济的发展。在西部建设步入新的高潮时期,重温周恩来建设西部的思想与措施,是有借鉴意义的。