论职务犯罪的防范与惩治

职务犯罪是我国转型期带来的严峻的社会问题,也是摆在法学工作者面前的一个重要课题。职务犯罪的范围要比国家工作人员犯罪范围要宽泛,还包括企事业单位管理者。职务犯罪的预防与惩治是辩证统一关系:惩治职务犯罪是预防职务犯罪的前提和保障,预防职务犯罪又是惩治职能的自然延伸,是惩治职能的必要补充。我国当前防范与惩治职务犯罪在立法与司法方面都应进一步完善,强调了对职务犯罪应防范与惩治并举、预防与惩治相结合。     

非国家工作人员职务犯罪探析

非国家工作人员职务犯罪主要是经济经营领域的腐败犯罪,我国刑法、刑法修正案以及司法解释的有关规定表明,它是以侵犯单位的正常管理制度、公平竞争和正当交易的市场经济秩序为客体、以公司企业及其他单位的工作人员为主体、以利用职务之便或者违背职责为行为特征、以刑法第163条为引领罪名的与国家工作人员职务犯罪相对应的概念。探讨这类犯罪有利于在司法实务中惩治职务犯罪,保障市场经济秩序,遏制腐败,完善防范机制。     

关于加强惩治与预防职务犯罪的思考——对一个案例的剖析

本文以广州的一个真实个案为样本,对职务犯罪的惩治与预防进行了多视角、多层面的分析,探察了导致职务犯罪的一般路径,考量了构成职务犯罪的基本要件,透视了防范职务犯罪的制度缺失,认为路径设防是遏制和预防腐败的重要方面,严格依法执法和司法是遏制和预防职务犯罪的基本环节,严密制度是遏制和预防职务犯罪的根本措施。     

广东省职务犯罪现状及预防建议

职务犯罪是指具有国家管理职能、依法从事公务这种特定身份的个体所实施的危害社会的、触犯刑事法律、依刑律应予以处罚的行为。数据表明,近年来广东省职务犯罪的案件数量和犯案人数仍呈现总体上升的趋势,并展现出新的犯罪特征。而这一现象的背后存在错综复杂的社会因素,仅仅依靠传统的惩治手段并不足以实现对该犯罪现象的有效遏制。因此,应在制定科学的法律法规的基础上,扭转重惩罚轻预防的传统思路,进行职务犯罪的预防与监控。     

职务犯罪的学理反思与防治策略

职务犯罪是腐败现象的极端表现,直接损害政府的公正、廉洁与高效,是困扰中国现代化进程的突出问题。为有效预防和惩治职务犯罪,需要防患于未然,加强职务犯罪预警工作;约束人性恶的动机,完善职务犯罪法律规制;以权力监督为关键,构建全方位的职务犯罪监督体系;加大廉政教育力度,引导公职人员注重廉洁自律,进而推动不敢腐的惩戒机制、不能腐的防范机制、不易腐的保障机制和不想腐的自律机制落地生根、发挥效用。     

当前职务犯罪的新变化及其预防——以广东近五年审判实践为视角

从广东省近五年职务犯罪审理情况及相关数据整理情况来看,职务犯罪呈现出大案要案呈上升趋势、犯罪日趋群体化、家庭式腐败日益突出、商业贿赂呈扩散蔓延趋势、犯罪手段日益隐蔽等新特点,其原因是权力运行结构不合理、制约监督不力、案件查处力度不够、行贿犯罪成本过低等因素.对此,应采取有效措施,尽可能实现职务犯罪的预防和惩治目标.     

当前高校职务犯罪频发原因探析

高校职务犯罪频发,既有高校职务犯罪分子主观方面的原因.也有高校内部法制教育工作薄弱,制度建设和管理体制改革滞后,内部权力制约和监督机制不健全,群众监督不到位的原因;既有司法机关对高校职务犯罪的危害认识不到位的原因,又有法律不完备,惩治力度不够,法律监督不力的原因.     

“保民生、促三农”专项行动实证分析——以庆阳市为视角

明晰开展专项行动的法律政策依据和现实必要性,实证分析专项行动的实践效果,旨在通过检力下沉,将检察监督触角前移,走入基层,贴近群众,健全监督机构,完善监督机制,依法惩治和预防涉农职务犯罪,保障和推动强农惠农政策落实和涉农项目实施,为检察机关惩治和预防涉农职务犯罪探索出新路子。     

试述北魏宗室阶层的犯罪类型

北魏宗室阶层是政权的柱石、统治集团的核心,在政治和社会领域里享受充分的特权,北魏时期的法律反映了宗室特权的主要方面.由于拓跋鲜卑历经由游牧部落向文明国家阶段的跃进,宗室成员在身份角色的转换过程中不可避免地会与国家法制和名教礼法发生冲突,表现为具体的犯罪行为.北魏宗室非违主要有政治犯罪、职务犯罪、刑事犯罪和悖逆纲常伦理四类.各类罪行的时间分布特点和惩治力度集中反映出宗室生存境遇的改变和王朝政局的走势.     

简论民国刑事特别法的分类与特点

民国刑事特别法数量丰富,种类较多,实体法可以分为惩治盗匪特别法、惩治烟毒特别法、政治性特别法、经济类特别法、职务犯罪特别法、军事特别法以及其他特别刑法等七类,另外还有数量不少的特别刑事程序法以及附属刑事特别法。民国刑事特别法的特点可以归纳为：数量、种类丰富,包含不同层级、不同政权制定的法律;立法仓促、立法技术粗糙;部分实体法重刑化倾向明显;程序规定简化;军事刑法膨胀等几个方面。刑事特别法的特点反映了鲜明的时代特征和法制近代化进程反复。     

非公职人员利用公共权力受贿的刑事制裁(英文)

为了惩处非公职人员利用公共权力受贿的行为,中国刑法反腐败体系先后经历了以共同犯罪模式处罚到以单独犯罪模式处罚,以及由司法解释探索处罚规则到由刑法典直接规定罪刑规范的转变。司法解释格外关注对与公职人员有共同利益关系的非公职人员的处罚,利用影响力受贿罪是为解决司法解释产生的刑法真空而设,但是又出现了新的法律障碍。利用影响力受贿罪主体的一般化应是今后的完善方向。     

Corruption, anti-corruption, and inter-county income disparity in China

The rapid economic growth in China has been connected with a large income gap across regions. While most existing research has focused on economic factors to explain the problem, we argue that local government's anti-corruption endeavors also play a very significant role in influencing local income levels. Recent research shows that corruption undermines economic growth and generates poverty, we therefore hypothesize that government anti-corruption measures should increase local income levels. Using county-level data and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimates, we find counties with higher degree of anti-corruption tend to have higher income measured by county-level per capita GDP. We also employ a recently developed Shapley value decomposition technique to quantify the contributions of each variable. We find that anti-corruption plays a large role in explaining inter-county income disparity in China.     

Using government manifestos to analyse the political salience and shape of anti-corruption policies in the Czech Republic and Slovakia

In an innovative use of government manifestos, this paper examines the salience and shape of anti-corruption policies in Slovakia and the Czech Republic during the period 1990–2013. Both the intensity and shape of anti-corruption efforts appear to be related less to the actual extent of corruption or external influences and more to the growing domestic electoral pressure expressed through the higher ranking of corruption on the list of public problems and to an ideological bent of governments. We also use cultural theory to examine the philosophy of anti-corruption measures. We find that the hierarchical approach clearly dominates, but there is also extensive evidence of an egalitarian approach. There are only a small number of individualist measures and there is nearly no evidence of fatalist measures. We found that the political right in both the Czech Republic and Slovakia is associated not just with an individualist and market-based approach to anti-corruption, but even more with emphasis on anti-corruption itself and empowerment, civil society and public accountability as a means of fighting corruption.     

The Political Impetus behind the Construction of Anti-corruption Institutions in Developing Countries: An Analysis of the Process Leading up to India’s Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act (LALA)*

Existing anti-corruption theories adopt “state-centric,” “market-centric” or “governance/ good governance” approaches as their dominant research direction. These theories are grounded in Western systems of liberty and democracy and their analysis is couched in terms of the logic of the division between public and private, which makes it difficult for their proponents to gain an insight into the unique experience of developing countries. The process behind India’s Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act (LALA), starting from 2010, shows that developing countries may have another anti-corruption route: a composite tripartite anti-corruption model. In this model, the government, the elite and the mass of the people constitute the three main players in the anti-corruption drive. The three forms a complex multi-faceted relationship premised on compliance with bottom-line standards and the use of positive interaction in a dynamic balance that advances the construction of anti-corruption institutions. Summing up the experience and synthesizing the theory of this model will not only help us explore a new anti-corruption approach but will also stimulate our thinking about the unique state-society relationships of developing countries and the political impetus underlying their institutional construction.     

论包庇、纵容黑社会性质组织罪的认定和防范

黑社会组织犯罪是国际社会的公害。国家机关工作人员包庇、纵容黑社会性质组织犯罪 ,不仅严重危害社会治安 ,损害国家机关形象 ,而且也是黑社会性质组织犯罪滋生、蔓延的重要因素。认定包庇、纵容黑社会性质组织罪 ,应当正确把握其犯罪构成的客体、客观、主体和主观特征 ,准确区分罪与非罪、此罪与彼罪、一罪与数罪的界限。为了有效防范包庇、纵容黑社会性质组织犯罪 ,必须加大对黑社会性质组织犯罪的打击力度 ,加强廉政建设 ,提高国家机关工作人员的抗腐蚀能力 ,加强监督 ,加大对充当黑社会“保护伞”的腐败官员的惩处力度     

国外毒品相关犯罪防控的社会政策及评价

毒品引发的犯罪问题已经引起国际社会广泛关注,各国出台了各种措施防控毒品引发的犯罪,基本形成了一套普遍性和针对性相结合的社会政策体系。本文总结区分3个层次:针对社会整体状况及一般公民的普遍性预防政策、针对极有可能成为毒品相关犯罪的受害者或犯罪者的特定防控政策以及针对参与过毒品相关犯罪人群的专项防控政策;并以此为线索系统梳理评价政策实施效果的相关理论和实证研究成果,为我国制定相关政策提供相关启示和借鉴。     

加强反腐败体制机制创新和制度保障的新思路

反对腐败,建设廉洁政治,关系党和国家的生死存亡。一年多来,党中央实施一系列反腐新举措,体现出新一届中央领导集体加强反腐败体制机制创新和制度保障的新思路：在党章制度框架下改革党的纪律检查体制,推动党的纪律检查工作双重领导体制具体化、程序化、制度化;明确党委和纪委在党风廉政建设中的责任定位,落实党风廉政建设责任制;修订和完善选人用人制度,把从严治吏、从严管理干部的要求具体化、细节化,解决选人用人方面的腐败问题;抓好组织管理和组织纪律的执行,严格遵守组织制度,为加强党风廉政建设和反腐败凝聚组织力量;运用法治思维和法治方式推进廉洁政治建设,健全反腐倡廉法规制度体系：健全和完善巡视制度等。     

Criminal Sanctions against Non-state Functionaries Who Accept Bribes and Abuse Public Power

为了惩处非公职人员利用公共权力受贿的行为, 中国刑法反腐败体系先后经历了 以共同犯罪模式处罚到以单独犯罪模式处罚, 以及由司法解释探索处罚规则到由刑法 典直接规定罪刑规范的转变。司法解释格外关注对与公职人员有共同利益关系的非公 职人员的处罚, 利用影响力受贿罪是为解决司法解释产生的刑法真空而设, 但是又出 现了新的法律障碍。利用影响力受贿罪主体的一般化应是今后的完善方向。

关键词: 非公职人员 特定关系人 关系密切人 补漏规则

In order to penalize the acceptance of bribes by non-state functionaries who abuse public power, the anti-corruption system of China’s criminal law has undergone successive transformations: from punishing non-state functionaries who accept bribes in accordance with the joint crime model to punishing them in accordance with the model for a single crime, and from seeking the rules of punishment in judicial interpretations to having the criminal code directly prescribe the criteria for determining a charge. Judicial interpretations have been particularly concerned with the punishment of non-state functionaries who have a relationship of common interests with a state functionary. The crime of accepting bribes given in return for trading in influence was established to solve the problem of the judicial vacuum created by judicial interpretations, but new legal obstacles have emerged. To generalize the class of offenders who accept bribes in return for using their influence is the route future improvement should take.     

Corrupt thy neighbor? New evidence of corruption contagion from bordering nations

The continuing presence of corruption worldwide has policymakers looking for broader trans-national efforts to combat corruption. We examine the effects of a nation’s physical proximity (via land borders and the number of bordering nations) as well as prevailing corruption on cross-border corruption spillovers. Using data on 147 countries from 2012-2018, results show that while border corruption positively affects corruption in a nation, a longer land border, and more neighbors have a mitigating effect on corruption. Nesting the analysis in the literature on the determinants of cross-national corruption, these new findings imply that a nation’s geographic location might play a larger role in transmissions of corruption than previously recognized. This finding has relevance for the design of anti-corruption coordination across nations.