差序格局和伦理本位:从丧服制度看中国社会结构的基本原则

本文是对以“差序格局”为基本特征的中国社会关系和社会结构的理论研究。差序格局的形式和内容可以回溯到先秦时期延续至晚清民国的丧服制度。通过对经学文献中关于丧服研究的梳理,可以看出“亲亲”和“尊尊”是构成这种制度的基本原则。亲亲和尊尊结合在一起,从家族延伸到政治,塑造了古代政治、社会关系的一些基本特征,这些特征仍然在当代的政治和社会关系中有明显表现。本文指出,亲亲和尊尊与儒家思想中提倡的“仁”与“义”有着密切的联系,后者作为基本伦理和美德,以亲亲和尊尊的形式表现于社会结构之中。本文的观点,有助于我们理解当代中国社会研究中“关系”和“人情”等现象的历史根源。     

“知母不知父”的中国谱系

“知母不知父”的母系社会学说在西方和中国经历了两种不同的学术命运。在西方,它作为一个学术命题已被基本否定,但在20世纪的中国社会科学界却被广泛接受。西方“母权社会”学说体系的坍塌,为我们反思中国自身“知母不知父”之说的来龙去脉提供了契机。晚清民国之际,这一话语体系被引入中国,之后被历史学家用来构造了中国上古时代的一个特定时期,以期证明中国的历史发展阶段不外乎于人类之普遍历史。重新回到中国古代的经典文本自身,我们发现,在道家和法家的思想脉络中,“知母不知父”具有各自独特的思想内涵。先秦文献所展示的思想世界与20世纪套用西方学术术语对其进行的描述之间存在裂缝。本文将梳理“知母不知父”的中国谱系,反思这一断裂对当今探索社会学本土化的意义,并由此发掘与阐扬中国社会学的思想传统。     

帝室与外家：西汉政治中的家族伦理

随着先秦封建宗法的衰败,秦汉帝国建立了皇帝制度。与之相随的,是西汉外戚势力的极大发展。从这一现象出发,本文试图探寻出一条理解中国传统政治中“家国关系”的新思路。基于对“恩泽侯表”、“百官公卿表”等史料中外戚受爵人数及方式,外戚为官者人数等的统计分析,并结合具体历史文献,本文认为,西汉外戚通过“以亲受爵”的方式广泛地占有社会身份等级中的上层地位,并占有三公九卿、“大司马***将军”等官职中相对大的比重,影响着整个西汉政治的发展。这种现象的产生,一方面同西汉分封同姓诸侯国所造成的中央势弱的“形势”有关,另一方面根源于以“亲亲”与“义”为根基的家族伦理,后者维系着姻亲家族间的支持,从而为西汉帝室与外戚之间联系的形成,奠定了基础。由此,我们可以一窥西汉政治中“家”与“国”的同构性。     

从类型学到动态研究：兼论信仰的流动

自从杨庆堃提出“混合宗教”与“制度化宗教”概念之后,类型学建构成为华人宗教研究的主流。本文尝试进行视角的转换,用“基于类型学基础上的动态研究”来分析华人社会中信仰的流动。该视角一方面强调类型学的重要性,认为在研究中国宗教时有必要对“灵”、“义”等本土概念予以社会科学化;另一方面它强调揭示类型之间的联系与变化,将静态的类型学考察转化为动态分析。本文认为,动态的视角有助于关照到被类型学忽略的过程以及隐匿于其中的趋势,继而发展诸多经典理论,即研究神灵的流动有助于理解“神灵的诞生与竞争”,研究信徒的流动可以丰富“改教”理论,对宗教组织流动的研究则可以拓宽“教派-教会”理论的视野。     

伦理禁忌与俄狄浦斯的悲剧

运用文学伦理学批评解读《俄狄浦斯王》,可以发现其本质是一出伦理惨剧,源于人类文明发展过程中形成的伦理禁忌和俄狄浦斯不断强化的伦理意识。俄狄浦斯的伦理意识的核心是伦理禁忌,由杀父和娶母两种禁忌构成。俄狄浦斯破解斯芬克斯之谜实际上是第一次给人下定义,表明他有了伦理意识和伦理禁忌。因此,真正导致俄狄浦斯悲剧的并不是他的命运,而是他犯下的杀父娶母的乱伦罪行,是他破坏了当时的伦理禁忌     

卡里斯玛、公共性与中国社会——有关“差序格局”的再思考

对费孝通的“差序格局”概念,已有的研究大多从个体与不同类别的其他社会成员之间关系的差异性出发来讨论。笔者以为,类似的模型几乎可以在世界任何一个文化里找到,仅从这一视角出发肯定有所偏差。事实上,费孝通认为存在两种“社群”：由团体格局所形成的“团体”和由差序格局形成的“社会圈子”。东西方社会结构的差异不在于西方只存在“团体”,东方只存在“社会圈子”,而在于这两种“社群”在社会构成上的不同。笔者由此指出,“差序格局”的实际含义是强调由“差序”所构成的社会组织在中国社会中占据主导与支配地位。中国所谓的公共领域,实际上由私人领域扩张与转化而来,或者受到私人领域的支配,这也使得中国社会的公共性供给在相当程度上依赖并取决于处于“差序格局”中心的某个个体或某一批个体的道德性     

伦理沦丧抑或是伦理转向:现代化视域下中国农村家庭资源的代际分配研究

本文将家庭资源分配置于三代的代际链,将家庭资源分配中的“亲代优先性”和“成年子代优先性”结合起来形成资源代际分配的四个亚类型,并以此来审视当前农村家庭养老中的资源分配。通过对CHARLS数据的分析发现,个体的现代化程度在一定程度上会影响其家庭资源的代际分配决策,其中,个体的现代化(尤其是经济状况的改进)使其在资源分配时倾向于支持子代。基于此,本文提出,农村家庭资源的代际分配并未呈现“伦理沦丧”特征,上位优先型的分配方式仍在家庭资源代际分配中占据重要位置;造成农村家庭对亲代赡养资源供给不及现象的原因并不总是“伦理危机”,而由“伦理转向”所导致的下位优先分配原则可能是上述现象的重要诱因之一。     

公众对转基因作物的接受度及其影响因素:基于六城市调查数据的社会学分析

本文利用一项大规模的入户抽样调查数据,分析了中国公众对转基因作物的接受度问题。与以往基于“消费者行为研究”框架而采取“个体决策行为模型”的研究不同,本文从风险社会学的理论视角出发,试图发展一个“社会行动模型”的理论框架,以解释个体在“风险社会”中面对一项新技术时的决策行动受到哪些社会性因素的影响。结果显示,中国公众对推广种植转基因大米的接受度不高,与2002年相比有明显下降;传统的“个体决策行为模型”有一定的解释力,但其决策行为是基于有限知识基础上的“有限理性选择”,大众媒体的影响、对“专家系统”的制度性信任都是重要的影响因素。     

从“官吏分途”到“层级分流”:帝国逻辑下的中国官僚人事制度

魏晋南北朝以来的“官吏分途”是中国官僚体制的重大制度变迁,本文从这一角度出发,审视当代中国官员的空间流动状况,提出以“官吏相对谱系”为特点的“层级分流”模式。文章从周雪光的“帝国逻辑”分析框架出发,借用史学研究和社会科学理论来认识和解释人事制度安排与帝国治理逻辑之间的关系。文章认为,从“官吏分途”到“层级分流”,这一人事制度造成了官僚体制的二元结构及其迥然不同的职业生涯、激励设置和利益群体,为中国官僚体制的运作打上了鲜明烙印。本文充实和扩展了“帝国逻辑”的理论思路。     

网络极端情绪人群的类型及其政治与社会意涵——基于中国网络社会心态调查数据（2014）的实证研究

本文以社会化媒体的用户为中心,以用户的网络极端情绪表达为切入点,考察中国社会化媒体空间中的群体类型,并探讨各群体的客观背景特征,以及各群体的政治态度和网络表达行动。对中国网络社会心态调查数据（2014）的潜类分析表明,我们可以根据微博用户表达的极端情绪将其划分为“酱油众”“冷漠族”“铁血爱国派”“愤世嫉俗派”和“民粹主义者”五类群体。其中,“民粹主义者”具有一定的“草根左派”色彩,“铁血爱国派”具有某种“亲体制左派”的色彩,“冷漠族”则倾向于“温和右派”,“愤世嫉俗派”倾向于“激进右派”。就政治态度而言,“愤世嫉俗派”对体制的态度最为负面,“民粹主义者”对政府的信任度最低,而“铁血爱国派”对体制的态度最为正面,对政府的信任度最高。就网络行动而言,“民粹主义者”使用网络暴力和参与在线抗议的可能性都最高,其次是“愤世嫉俗派”和“铁血爱国派”。文章最后指出,对互联网用户极端情绪的研究是理解中国网络社会的重要窗口。     

传统父系宗族中“族”的意义：以九族亲属制度的建构为例

本文主要讨论的是儒家九族制度的建构逻辑。九族制度是儒学经典记载的亲属制度，也是宗法制度的基础，它确立了一个以己为中心、逐渐外推的亲属圈子，并规定了一个人亲缘关系的范围。《礼记·丧服小记》说，“亲亲以三为五，以五为九，上杀、下杀、旁杀，而亲毕矣。”本文将对这句经文的解释和梳理为核心，讨论“九族”的建构过程。这一过程以“父—子”这一基本的人伦关系为基础，以“亲亲之杀”为核心原理，以“上杀”“下杀”“旁杀”为基本路径。此外，本文也对九族制度下“家”的基本形式进行了讨论。     

试论中国传统的母教观及其现实意义

中国先民非常重视母亲在家庭教育中的作用,尽管历代母教的具体内容会随时代的发展有所变化,但＂母德在教,教女为切要＂的基本观念始终未变。这一观念,在当今中国社会全力启动母亲教育工程,提高中国母亲素质、培养高素质的国民、建设社会主义和谐社会的进程中具有现实的借鉴与指导意义。     

Infants’ Style of Emotion Regulation with Their Mothers and Fathers: Concordance between Parents and the Contribution of Father–Infant Interaction Quality

The concordance between infants’ emotion regulation styles with different partners has not been consistently analysed nor have the relational correlates of such potential across‐partners similarities. We explored these issues by assessing 10‐month‐olds’ (59.6 percent boys) emotion regulation styles separately with mother and father and by evaluating mother–infant and father–infant interaction quality. The sample consisted of 50 low‐risk families. Two home visits were conducted and similar procedures were adopted for each visit. Parent–infant interaction quality was assessed during daily routines and during free play; both parents independently completed a temperament questionnaire. Infant emotion regulation was assessed in a semi‐structured problem‐solving task: adaptive vs. maladaptive (under and over‐regulation) styles. As predicted, infants’ emotion regulation with their mothers and fathers were related. However, only father–infant interaction quality predicted infants’ emotion regulation concordance: lower interaction quality was associated with maladaptive concordance compared with non‐concordance and higher interaction quality was associated with adaptive concordance compared with non‐concordance. Our results support the claim that by the end of the first year of life, infants use similar emotion regulation styles with mother and father and point to father–infant interaction as an important correlate of emotion regulation across‐parents.     

Mother–Child Reminiscing About Peer Experiences and Children's Peer‐related Self‐views and Social Competence

This study examined mother–child reminiscing about children's experiences with peers and its relation to children's peer‐related self‐views and social competence. Sixty‐three mothers and their preschool‐aged children discussed at home two specific past events involving the child and his or her peers, one event being positive and one negative. The children's self‐views in peer relationships were assessed at school during individual interviews, and their social competence was rated by mothers. Both maternal and child participation in the reminiscing, in terms of reminiscing style and content, were uniquely associated with children's peer‐related self‐views and social competence. The results suggest the important role of family narrative practices in children's social development.     

Differences in the Seriousness of Problems and Deservingness of Help: Swedish Social Workers' Assessments of Single Mothers and Fathers

In this vignette study, three hypotheses concerning differencesin social workers’ assessment off single fathers and mothersare tested: first, that single fathers with custody of theirchildren, who have problems similar to those often faced bysingle mothers, are assessed as having more serious problemsthan the mothers; secondly, that single fathers in such a situationtend to be assessed as being less deserving of support thansingle mothers in the same situation; thirdly, that the helpoffered to both sexes follows gender-traditional patterns. Theresults support the hypotheses. The overall problems and mentalhealth tended to be assessed as more serious in the case ofthe father than in the case of the mother. The single fatherwas assessed as being more responsible for his situation. Thesingle mother was assessed as being in need of assistance inmore areas and more varied social welfare measures were recommendedfor her than for the father. Finally, the results also showthat only support which could enable the client to obtain paidwork and be able to pay off the debts on his car was given higherpriority in the case of the father.     

Maternal Conflict Behavior Profiles and Child Social Skills

The current study examined associations between mothers’ behavioral profiles during mother‐child conflict interactions and their children's social skills. This person‐centered approach classified 181 mothers according to their levels of emotional responsiveness, intrusiveness, negativity, and engagement facilitation behaviors during an eight‐minute conflict discussion task with their child. Three distinct classes of mothers were identified using latent profile analysis: sensitive/engaged, moderately sensitive/engaged, and insensitive/disengaged. An analysis of covariance indicated that children of mothers in the sensitive/engaged group had significantly higher social skills than children of mothers in the moderately sensitive/engaged and insensitive/disengaged groups. Results suggest that mother‐child conflict interactions may benefit children's social development when mothers facilitate their children's participation in a highly sensitive manner.     

Father Custody and Social Development in Boys and Girls

The effects of father custody on children's social development are being studied by comparing children whose fathers have been awarded custody, children whose mothers have been awarded custody, and children from intact families. Half of the subjects are boys, and half are girls aged 6–11 years. Families are matched on SES, family size, and sibling status. The data presented here were based primarily on videotaped observations of parent-child interaction in 60 families. The most intriguing findings to date suggest that children living with the opposite sex parent (father custody girls and mother custody boys) are less well adjusted than children living with the same sex parent. However, in both father custody and mother custody families, authoritative parenting by the custodial parent was positively linked with the child's competent social behavior. Also, in both sets of divorced families, contact with additional adult caretakers was associated with positive social behaviors shown by the child.     

性别、权力与海南古代女性

社会性别的后天建构性使其成为分析社会结构的一个重要视角。本文从该角度重新审视海南历史上的汉黎互动,发现这种互动在本质上是两种迥异的性别文化的碰撞。在碰撞过程中,汉文化中的传统女性性别角色被黎文化不断挑战和改变,出现“女主外”的现象,但男性在政治领域的主导使“女主外”行为与支持男性“向学”的目的挂靠,女性“主外”行为的社会价值被贬低。“女耕男儒”的性别关系不但未能使女性获得自由,反而造成另一种性别压迫,最终成为海南独有的“男为尊”父权文化的表现方式。