何以为家?独子老人的代际关系、养老观念与养老安排

本文在老龄化、少子化社会背景下,通过分析2016年中国老年社会追踪调查数据,从代际关系、文化观念和个人因素三个角度分析独子老人养老安排及其影响因素,讨论独子老人面对的养老问题.研究发现独子老人及其子女的经济状况、独子老人的养老观念对养老安排具有显著直接影响.尽管代际关系不是养老安排的直接影响因素,但代际关系中的情感亲近...     

家庭资源与权力关系——农民工子女抚育策略决策机制的实证研究

根据25位童年曾有留守或流动经历的90后农民工的口述史资料,考察农民工家庭对子女抚育策略的决策机制.研究发现,子女需求的变化是引起家庭策略变化的诱因,其中以教育需求变化最为明显.父母能否调动足够的资源满足子女变化的需求,是家庭策略发生变化的重要影响因素.长期亲子离散的家庭结构,削弱了父母对子女决策的权威,子女在家庭事务中的话语权随之有较大提升,子女在家庭决策中开始扮演愈加重要的角色.研究也发现,农民工在城市的“非市民”待遇,使每位农民工父母决策时都面临着来自于歧视性制度和匮乏的公共政策资源的巨大压力,使得每个农民工家庭的选择都极为有限且相似,带有深刻的时代局限性.     

农民工返乡的代际差异及生成机制研究--基于江苏省N村的实证分析

以生命历程理论为视角,通过对两代农民工的返乡动因、目标和适应性的比较,发现农民工返乡的代际差异主要体现为由收入本位向家庭本位、由回归乡土向扎根城市、由追求幸福向身份诉求的转变,这种差异源自于宏观制度结构、家庭生命周期、文化代际传递等因素的影响,其背后折射出不同代际农民工对于物质生活和主体价值的差异诉求,对于国家制定更加合理的鼓励农民工返乡的政策措施,加快推进新型城镇化建设,有一定的启示意义。     

《喜福会》中的代际冲突

<喜福会>描述了四对华裔母女不同的人生经历以及母女代际关系.从两代人对代际关系处理方式的不同,透视了中西方代际文化在华裔家庭中的碰撞、冲突与融合.母亲遵循的是中国传统的孝道并以此作为教育女儿的方式,美国化的女儿却试图极力挣脱母亲的管束.在历经了母女代际冲突的阵痛与迷惘、生活的磨难与震动之后,女儿最终在对西方文化与母体文化的对比之中反观母体文化,这使得她们对中国传统代际文化有了全新的认识.     

夫妻权力模式与女性家庭地位满意度研究

第二期中国妇女社会地位调查资料显示,农村家庭丈夫拥有更多实权的为最多,而城市平权型家庭为最多;九成以上男女都对自己的家庭地位感到很满意或较满意,但妻子的满意度低于丈夫.对夫妻权力模式与女性家庭地位满意度的关系及其影响因素的路径分析结果显示:资源假说、文化规范论、相对的爱和需要理论都在夫妻权力影响因素的回归模型中有一定的解释力.但个人拥有实权仅对妻子的家庭地位满意度有微弱影响,而被访者对家务分工和婚姻是否满意是最重要的家庭地位满意度的预测指标,夫妻沟通时不被对方所尊重、配偶动手打人与家庭地位满意度呈负相关,并在妻子模型中有更强的解释力.     

家庭代际伦理的现实问题

代际关系是一种纵向的家庭关系。它建立在血缘基础上、由共同生活的几代人构成的重要的家庭关系。即由夫妻关系派生出来的最基本的亲子关系（即父母与子女的关系）,以及与夫妻关系、亲子关系密切相关的婆媳关系,或隔代的血缘关系——祖孙关系。代际关系又是家庭内成员的人际关系,由家庭成员之间的频繁互动构成的。因此,代际伦理则成为调适这种关系的重要规范。正是这种规范使得人类的家庭关系具有强烈的感情色彩,并体现出久远性与普遍性。随着社会的变迁,代际关系也相应地发展、变化。“李亲”观念的淡化与老龄问杨的尖锐化传统代际伦…     

民间财富代际传承意愿及计划决策的动因分析——基于浙江家庭结构视角

改革开放以来,第一批创富者迈入财富代际传承阶段,同时又面临着“传承困境”的现状.本文以家庭为视角,选取浙江省典型样本,通过实证探求家庭结构因素对民间财富代际传承需求、计划制定及实施意愿的影响.结果表明,家庭结构,作为客观内部因素,对传承决策的主观决策有着重大影响,具体包括年龄、财富水平、职业稳定性、子女数量等因素.据此,为寻找到财富传承的有效途径奠定实证基础,并未建社会利益衡平机制提供建议.     

新农保减少了来自子女的代际支付吗？--基于CHARLS数据的实证分析

利用2013年CHARLS全国跟踪调查数据对新农保对子女代际支付的影响进行研究,发现新农保会减少较低收入子女的现金支付,增加较高收入子女的实物支付。总体上看,新农保对子女的现金支付具有一定的挤出效应,对实物支付具有一定的挤入效应,两种效应相互作用,新农保对子女总支付的挤出效应并不显著,但明显提高了参保老人的经济福利。研究结论表明,以国家公共支付为核心的社会养老与以代际支付为核心的家庭养老相结合,是解决中国农村养老问题的有效途径。     

父母的婚姻教育匹配与子女学业表现

本研究基于2015年中国教育追踪调查（CEPS）数据,以父母婚姻教育匹配构建的“新型家庭文化资本”为视角,探讨不同婚配模式下“共同养育联盟”的水平与新型家庭文化资本被激活的效率对子女学业表现影响的作用路径。研究表明,与低等教育同质婚家庭的子女相比,向上婚以及高等教育同质婚家庭的子女学业表现更好。其二,父母婚姻教育匹配对子女学业表现的影响存在教育差距效应,随着父母间教育跨层级的增加,向上婚家庭中子女学业表现的优势递增,向下婚家庭中子女学业表现的劣势进一步扩大。其三,父母婚姻教育匹配模式对学业的影响因子女性别而异,向上婚和高等教育同质婚减弱了男孩的学习劣势,向下婚扩大了男孩的学习劣势。最后,家庭中的共同养育联盟对子女学业表现的影响发挥了部分中介作用。向上婚家庭的父亲与母亲在教养分工中建立了更互补的关系,共同养育联盟水平较高,更有效地激活了新型家庭文化资本,促进子女的学业表现。“强强联合”的婚姻教育匹配虽然成为不平等再生产的“温床”,但是,通过建立高水平的共同养育联盟这一中介路径提高新型家庭文化资本被激活的效率,则可能减缓教育不平等的代际传递。     

代际网络与学业成就：网络情境与个体能动的双重视角

本文使用2014—2015学年中国教育追踪调查（CEPS）数据,以中国为例考察了代际网络对子女学业成就的影响。本文通过将代际网络效应置于个体能动与网络情境的双重视角之下,检验了个体能动与网络情境的解释进路及间接机制,分析了个体能动效应基于网络情境的条件效应,进而揭示了两种解释路径之间的内在关联。研究发现：第一,代际网络宏观及微观效应在中国均存在。父母认识其他家长和网络情境特征均能提高子女的学业成就。第二,随着宏观代际网络资源的增加,由个体能动效应带来的学业成就回报逐渐增强。影响增强的网络资源因素主要来源于网络规范与关系人阶层地位。第三,宏微观代际网络的间接机制得到了进一步的检验。宏微观代际网络在一定程度上通过影响家庭和同伴社会资本、学业态度和行为进而影响子女的学业产出。     

Parental self‐esteem,parent–child relationships,and authoritative parenting of Chinese migrant parents of left‐behind children: Implications for social policy and services

In this study, we aimed to examine whether and how parental self‐esteem and parent–child relationships interact and associate with the authoritative parenting of Chinese rural‐to‐urban migrant mothers and fathers of left‐behind children. Results from a cross‐sectional survey of 295 Chinese migrant parents living in Shenzhen revealed no statistically significant differences between migrant mothers and fathers in parental self‐esteem, parent–child relationships, and authoritative parenting. Both parental self‐esteem and parent‐child relationships had positive associations with authoritative parenting among two groups of respondents; however, the perceived parent–child relationship quality was a more important predictor than parental self‐esteem. There was also an interaction effect between parental self‐esteem and parent–child relationships on migrant mothers’ authoritative parenting. The findings indicate that migrant parents’ perception of their encounters with their children has a profound influence on their parenting behaviors. Social services should, thus, be provided to strengthen both virtual and face‐to‐face parent–child interactions via mobile phone parenting and periodic visits. New policies should be developed to provide migrant parents with more options regarding family reunion.     

流动儿童的资本禀赋与社会融合研究——基于双向测度数据的多视角分析

利用2013年深圳流动儿童调查数据,从学校性质和生命历程视角分析了流动儿童在资本禀赋与社会融合上的差异性,检验了二者的相关性.结果发现:流动儿童的资本禀赋已出现群体分化,公办学校流动儿童在家庭物质资本和人力资本上占优,但民办学校流动儿童在家庭社会资本和学校社会资本上占优,小学段流动儿童的资本禀赋优于初中段.流动儿童的社会融合状况并不乐观,其城市文化融合水平低下,农村文化纽带坚韧;城市人和本地人身份认同度较低,农村人和外地人身份认同度较高,认同模糊问题突出;与流动儿童的社会距离较小,与本地儿童的社会距离更小.总的来说,流动儿童的资本禀赋与社会融合存在复杂的正向相关,拥有资本禀赋越多,社会融合状况越好.     

How do immigrant parents of children with complex health needs manage to cope in their daily lives?

Daily life with children who have complex health needs can be stressful for parents. Immigrant parents are vulnerable to stress because they may lack language skills and knowledge about the health care system and have limited social networks. In this study, we focus on how immigrant parents of children with complex health needs use emotion‐focused and problem‐focused coping strategies to manage their daily life, and how their self‐efficacy and the immigration process may affect their coping. This qualitative study had an exploratory design with individual and focus group interviews. The sample comprised 27 parents—18 mothers and 9 fathers—from Pakistan, Poland, and Vietnam. The findings indicated that the parents' love for their child helps them to cope in their daily life. Newly arrived migrants, single mothers with a severely ill child who lacked support and migrant parents with language difficulties struggle to cope. Some of the stress is related to personal, social and structural problems, and to the insufficient resources available to meet the child's needs. The parents used both emotion‐focused and problem‐focused coping strategies. The parents noted that access to both universal and selective welfare services is an important factor that contributed to their self‐efficacy and coping.     

SPECIAL ISSUE： MIGRANT WORKERS IN THE COURSE OF URBANIZATION The upbringing and education of migrant workers＇ children in the Pearl River Delta

随着过去20年来中国农村劳动力向城市的大规模转移,进城务工的农民工多数都把子女留在家乡,部分子女跟随父母到了城市。无论是“留守”还是“流动”,这些农民工子女的抚育和教育问题一直都是社会和学界关心的重要问题之一。本文试图通过对2006年“珠三角”3000多名农民工的调查资料中反映的有关农民工子女的抚育和教育方式的分析,理解农民工子女“留守”家乡和“流动”到城市的影响因素,发现在控制了农民工个人和家庭因素之后,农民工来源地的区域差异仍然是影响他们的子女“留守”或“流动”的重要因素。“地区性壁垒”存在的原因和机制是一个值得进一步深入探讨的问题。     

Academic performance and peer relations among rural‐to‐urban migrant children in Beijing: Do social identity and self‐efficacy matter?

Due to the household registration system, millions of rural‐to‐urban migrant children in China are ineligible to receive urban social welfare benefits. These children potentially suffer from the evolving awareness of their perceived inferior social identity and experiences of inequalities at an early stage of life. This study examined whether self‐perceived social identity is related to academic performance and peer relations among rural‐to‐urban migrant children in Beijing. Data were collected from 136 children during 2013 and 2014 in three schools for migrant children in Beijing. Path analysis showed that children who identified as a Beijinger, compared with those who self‐identified with their rural hometown, had better self‐efficacy, which in turn was associated with better academic performance and better peer relations. Enlightened by Western theories, these findings suggest that migrant children’s performance in school could be enhanced by cultivating positive perceptions of their social identity through teachers’ practice and community‐ and policy‐level social support.     

Parenting,family functioning and lifestyle in a new culture: the case of African migrants in Melbourne,Victoria, Australia

This study documented the parenting styles among African migrants now living in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, and assessed how intergenerational issues related to parenting in a new culture impact on family functioning and the modification of lifestyles. A total of 10 focus group discussions (five with parents and five with 13–17‐year‐old children; N = 85 participants) of 1.5–2 hours duration were conducted with Sudanese, Somali and Ethiopian migrant families. The analysis identified three discrete themes: (i) parenting‐related issues; (ii) family functioning and family relations; and (iii) lifestyle changes and health. African migrant parents were restrictive in their parenting; controlled children's behaviours and social development through strict boundary‐setting and close monitoring of interests, activities, and friends; and adopted a hierarchical approach to decision‐making while discouraging autonomy among their offspring. Programmes seeking to improve the health and welfare of African migrants in their host countries need to accommodate the cultural and social dimensions that shape their lives. Such programmes may need to be so broad as to apply an acculturation lens to planning, and to assist young people, parents and families in addressing intergenerational issues related to raising children and growing up in a different social and cultural milieu.     

Taiwanese–Canadian Mothers' Beliefs About Personal Freedom for Their Young Children

This study examined Taiwanese–Canadian mothers’ conceptions of personal freedom in everyday situations for their children and the influence of acculturation on their beliefs. Forty mothers of six‐ to eight‐year‐old children participated in a semistructured interview and sorting task. Interview responses revealed that, regardless of acculturation, child decision‐making was important and that mothers should negotiate and compromise with their child on everyday issues such as clothing, food, activities, daily routine and homework. They believed that child resistance was motivated by the children's personal interests, laziness, limit testing and their emotional state. Sources of conflict were resolved by parental authority, discussing/negotiating and conceding to the child. The sorting task also revealed that personal issues were judged as within their children's jurisdiction.     

Maintaining solidarity across generations in New Zealand: Support from mid‐life adult to ageing parent

Abstract

This paper establishes the key factors influencing functional solidarity—the material and emotional support mid‐life New Zealanders provide to an ageing parent or in‐law. Using the theoretical framework of intergenerational family solidarity, empirical analysis draws on the 1997 Transactions in the Mid‐Life Family survey of individuals aged 40–54. Results indicate that mature, adult children with no partner and living far from their parent are the least likely to provide emotional and in‐kind help and will be more hesitant to offer emotional support to in‐laws compared to their own parents. Adult children of Christian background, and possibly those who are homemakers and not employed, are more likely to provide in‐kind help, but those in rural areas are less likely. Surprisingly, ill health, a large household, being employed, and continuing to provide help to a young adult child who has left home do not necessarily hinder the respondent in helping an ageing parent. The argument that intergenerational relations are increasingly subject to compromise as mid‐lifers face unprecedented demands for support from other generations needs critical consideration. Further analysis should consider the cultural significance of intergenerational transactions, and how they may be influenced by the cognitive‐affective dimensions of intergenerational family solidarity.     

Well‐being of migrant and left‐behind children in China: Education,health, parenting,and personal values

Over the last several decades of urbanization and industrialization, China has encountered mass labor force migration from rural to urban areas. As a result, two‐child populations have dramatically increased in number: so‐called left‐behind children and migrant children. Using data from the 2006 and 2009 China Nutrition and Health Surveys, this study examined the effects of parental migration and residency status on the education, health, parenting, and personal values of children, with particular focus on left‐behind and migrant children. The findings suggest that parental migration and residency status play important roles in the educational and health outcomes, parental supervision, and personal values of children. Through analyzing the differences and possible reasons for disparate outcomes among child populations, this study aimed to improve public understanding of migrant and left‐behind children's well‐being in China, and explore implications for future studies and welfare policy making. Key Practitioner Message: ● Help to identify the impact of migration on individual, family, and the society domestically and internationally; ● Provide implications for welfare policy making, program design, and service delivery for migrant populations; ● Explore the approaches to addressing migration‐related issues in different countries with internal and transnational migrant populations.