独立董事的明星效应:基于高管薪酬—业绩敏感性的考察

独立董事治理行为的首要机制是声誉激励,然而这一机制的有效性在中国却长期囿于数据的可获得性而未得到充分检验。基于此,本文首次根据百度中文搜索引擎数据反映的社会知名度来衡量独立董事个人的社会声誉激励强度,进而从高管薪酬—业绩敏感性视角检验了独立董事的社会声誉激励效应——也即所谓的明星效应。实证研究发现,同等条件下,聘请了高社会知名度的明星独立董事的上市公司具有显著更低的高管薪酬—业绩敏感性,即明星独董显著降低了公司高管薪酬契约的有效性,而且这一结果主要反映在薪酬政策不受政府管制的民营上市公司。本文的研究结论丰富了中国独立董事制度有效性相关的文献,特别是揭示了独董不能发挥作用的内在原因。     

薪酬制度考虑外部监管了吗——来自中国上市公司的证据

本文以中国的上市公司为样本,考察了高管薪酬契约与外部监管的关系,结果发现,外部监管对高管薪酬有显著的影响,但与最优契约论不完全相符.研究发现,高管薪酬与第一大股东持股比例负相关;由于所有者虚位,国有企业的高管薪酬敏感性较高;由于远离管理者,外资控股的公司高管薪酬敏感性较高;独立董事占董事会总人数的比重与高管薪酬正相关而与薪酬敏感性负相关;较高的银行借款/总资产比率对高管薪酬有抑制作用;处于垄断地位的管制行业高管薪酬敏感性较高;高管持股对薪酬的敏感性不影响.最后,在控制了外部监管因素对薪酬敏感性的影响后,高管薪酬与公司下年度的业绩增长显著正相关,表明上市公司的高管薪酬制度基本上具备了激励机制.     

董事会非正式层级的绩效效应及其影响机制研究

董事会非正式层级是影响董事会治理效率和公司绩效的关键因素.以2010年至2012年沪、深A股1 226家上市公司为研究对象,运用STATA 13.0软件和分组回归分析方法,系统分析董事会非正式层级强度与公司绩效间的关系及其影响机制,分别考察不同最高层级董事身份和控股股东性质对董事会非正式层级强度与公司绩效关系的影响.研究结果表明,董事会内部非正式层级强度与公司绩效之间存在显著的正相关关系,这种正相关关系只有在董事会最高层级董事不兼任总经理职务条件下才成立;业绩压力和股权集中度对董事会非正式层级强度与公司绩效间的关系具有显著的正向调节效应;相对于民营控股上市公司,国有控股上市公司董事会非正式层级强度对绩效的正向效应更强,主要体现在地方政府控股上市公司中,业绩压力对董事会非正式层级强度与绩效间的正向调节效应在国有控股上市公司中不显著.研究结果证实董事会内部非正式层级的实践价值,印证了两职分离和董事会团队互补的积极效应,为优化董事会治理等提供理论支持.     

人力资本、组织因素与高管薪酬:跨层次模型

针对高管薪酬决定的现有研究停留在单一层面和对高管的人力资本关注不足的问题,本文获取了2007-2009年在深沪两地上市公司的17368个高管个体样本与对应的1923个组织样本,通过构建跨层次模型(HLM)研究发现,在个体层面上,高管人力资本与高管薪酬之间存在显著正相关关系;在组织层面,公司绩效、公司规模、董事会规模、独立董事比例与高管薪酬之间存在显著正相关,监事会规模、无形资产比例与高管薪酬之间存在显著负相关;个体层面因素解释高管薪酬的总变异与组织因素解释高管薪酬的总变异接近相等.依据国有股比例分类,本文通过构建HLM发现,当国有股比例在50％以上时,公司规模、董事会规模、独立董事比例、无形资产比例(负向)与高管薪酬之间存在显著相关关系,而公司绩效与高管薪酬之间关系不显著.     

创业投资的治理作用:——基于高管薪酬契约设计视角的实证研究

本文选取2009-2012年沪深两市创业板和中小板上市公司为研究对象,研究了创业投资参与对民营和国有企业高管薪酬契约的影响。实证研究发现:(1)创业投资能够显著改变民营企业高管薪酬与业绩的敏感性,但是创业投资并没有显著改变国有企业高管薪酬与业绩的敏感性;(2)对民营企业而言,创业投资参与降低了高管薪酬与会计业绩之间的敏感性,但是提高了高管薪酬与市场业绩敏感性。实证结果表明,创业投资在民营企业高管薪酬制定过程中发挥了作用,创业投资更加重视市场业绩在高管薪酬契约中的作用;创业投资对国有企业高管薪酬契约影响非常有限;创业投资参与民营和国有企业的动机可能存在差异。     

控制链长度与公司高管薪酬契约

本文研究了金字塔结构企业集团中最终控制人的控制链长度对高管薪酬契约的影响。研究发现:控制链较长,高管薪酬水平较高、薪酬业绩敏感性较低。进一步研究表明,薪酬较高能缓解控制链较长对公司业绩的负面影响;促进关联交易和增加信息扭曲给公司带来的风险是控制链长度降低高管薪酬业绩敏感性的重要渠道;没有证据表明控制链长度会通过降低盈余质量而降低高管薪酬敏感性;控制链长度与薪酬业绩敏感性的负向关系在高管持有股份的公司和国有控股公司中较弱;控制链长度与高管薪酬水平的正向关系在国有控股公司中较强。综合来看,相比寻租观,有效契约观对控制链长度与高管薪酬契约的关系具有更强的解释和预测能力。本文丰富了金字塔结构的经济后果与高管薪酬影响因素方面的研究。     

董事会特征、高管薪酬与薪绩敏感性--中国上市公司的经验分析

以引入独立董事制度的 2001 年为数据来源的窗口期,实证研究我国上市公司董事会治理结构改革对高管薪酬水平及薪绩敏感性的影响.结果表明,独立董事在董事会中的比例、薪酬委员会设置以及董事长与总经理二职兼任对高管薪酬水平有显著正影响.进一步的分析还发现,独立董事制度建设与董事长总经理二职兼任均显著提高了薪绩敏感性,薪酬委员会的设置对薪绩敏感性也有一定的影响.通过一系列公司治理改革可以有效抑制行为人的机会主义倾向,提高上市公司高管薪绩敏感性.     

高管薪酬契约、参照点效应及其治理效果:基于行为经济学的理论解释与经验证据

本文基于行为经济学视角的理论阐释,利用中国A股2004-2011年数据实证检验了高管薪酬契约的参照点效应及其治理后果。研究结果表明:(1)我国上市公司高管薪酬契约呈现明显的参照点效应,即上市公司高管薪酬显著受到同行业、本地区高管薪酬均值等外部参照基准的影响;(2)薪酬契约参照点效应引发的主观心理感知对企业高管的在职消费和主动离职行为等都有重要影响,具体来讲,当高管薪酬水平低于同行业、本地区高管薪酬均值时,企业高管将产生自我利益被侵蚀的消极心理感知,进而导致他们通过在职消费途径寻求替代性激励补偿的动机显著增强;同时,企业高管发生主动离职行为的概率也明显增强。     

非国有股东治理与国企高管薪酬激励

如何改善国企高管激励机制是新时期全面深化国企改革成败的关键一环。本文以2008～2015年国有上市公司为样本,通过手工收集年报披露的前十大股东性质、持股比例与委派高管的数据,分别从股权结构和高层治理两个维度衡量非国有股东参与国企治理的程度,在此基础上,研究非国有股东治理如何影响国企高管的激励机制。研究发现:首先,单纯的非国有股东持股对高管薪酬业绩敏感性无显著影响,但非国有股东向国有企业委派高管有利于改善国企高管的薪酬业绩敏感性。其次,非国有股东对高管薪酬业绩敏感性的提升作用在竞争性国有企业和处于较低市场化程度地区的国有企业中更加显著。最后,非国有股东委派高管参与国企治理能有效抑制国企高管的超额薪酬和超额在职消费。以上结论表明,混合所有制改革不能仅停留在资本层面的混合,还需确保非国有股东在国企经营管理中具有一定的影响力,才能更好地发挥民营资本的监督和治理作用。     

非对称业绩基准与高管薪酬:基于代理成本视角

本文以2003-2010年我国制造业上市公司中的机械、设备、仪表行业为样本,检查了高管薪酬中业绩基准的使用,发现存在非对称使用业绩基准的现象。当基准业绩较好时,高管的薪酬较高,薪酬业绩敏感性也较高,存在"运气薪酬"现象。当公司业绩超过基准业绩时,高管的薪酬较高,薪酬业绩敏感性也增加。但是高管薪酬不存在"双重补偿"现象。高管的任期和两职合一自利特征会进一步强化"运气薪酬"和"超额业绩补偿"。本研究发现对于揭示高管薪酬制定中的代理成本,解释高管薪酬的棘轮效应现象具有重要意义。     

董事激励与公司业绩--实验的证据

我们在实验框架下检验了董事会成员的激励对股东财富和CEO报酬的影响,以及该报酬与公司业绩之间的敏感度.文中提出了两种任命董事的方法,一种由CEO任命,另一种由最大的股东自动担任董事.由董事会决定CEO的报酬,而CEO负责企业的生产、投资和分红决策.投资者根据接收到的每个公司的分红、资本收益这些信息,通过买卖这些企业的股票来调整他们的资产组合. 我们发现,薪酬与业绩之间的敏感度随董事持股比例的增加而上升.此外,当大股东作为董事会成员时,经济体所产生的财富(股东财富是其中的一部分)更大;而当CEO选择董事时,结果是缺乏效率的.本文讨论了关于董事职能和相关代理成本这一研究结果,以及标准会计框架下,限制执行人员报酬和报表标准化要求.     

Board compensation and ownership structure: empirical evidence for Italian listed companies

This paper investigates the relationships among corporate ownership, the level of board compensation, and firms’ future performance within Italian listed companies. Board compensation could be related to corporate ownership characteristics, like the type of controlling shareholder, ownership concentration, the separation between cash flow and voting rights, and the presence of shareholders’ agreements. The evidence of high levels of board compensation associated with certain governance characteristics could signal, in a principal-agent framework, rent extraction by entrenched managers or by controlling shareholders versus minority shareholders; high board compensation, however, could be related to the need to hire directors with higher professional standing and also to the desire to create a network with other companies through the enlargement of the board, according to a social network view. In this paper we disentangle this issue showing the relationship between excess board compensation and future performance: examining firms listed on the Milan Stock Exchange over the period 1995–2002, we show that board compensation is linked to many governance characteristics, but excess compensation is never positively related to future performance. For founder family firms, in particular, high board compensation is associated with (a) smaller board size; (b) higher proportion of family members on the board; (c) lower future performance. The whole evidence therefore doesn’t support the hypothesis suggested by the social network view, but is consistent with a rent extraction hypothesis. These results could add new empirical evidence to the recent debate on the need for global remuneration reform. According to our results, some control mechanism and an increase in transparency of executive compensation schemes could be appropriate.     

信息透明度与经理薪酬契约有效性:来自中国证券市场的经验证据

本文以2003-2006年深圳证券交易所A股上市公司为研究对象,实证考察信息透明度对经理薪酬契约有效性的影响,试图从经理薪酬契约角度重新诠释信息透明度的经济后果.研究发现,信息透明度能够显著提高经理薪酬契约的有效性.具体而言,信息透明度越高的公司,经理薪酬业绩敏感性越高,经理薪酬与盈利业绩和亏损业绩之间的非对称性越小.研究还发现,与非国有企业相比,国有上市公司信息透明度对经理薪酬契约有效性的影响更加显著.本研究论证了信息透明度在减少股东与经理之间的信息不对称和降低公司代理成本中的重要作用.     

权威董事专业性、高管激励与创新活跃度研究

通过我国A股上市公司2007年～2015年的数据, 实证检验了权威专业董事通过高管激励影响创新活跃度的逻辑链条.发现权威专业董事通过影响高管激励的结构与水平增强了企业创新的活跃度, 且不同类别的权威专业董事均能够产生积极作用.这种影响不仅促进了企业的实质性创新, 提升了企业的创新效率, 并使之具有可持续性.研究结论在对主要变量采取不同度量方式以及控制了内生性等因素影响的情况下依然成立.本文的研究结论拓展了权威专业董事职能发挥的途径, 增补了上市公司高管激励的经验证据, 同时, 为董事会治理有效性的识别提供了新的视角.对于当前企业高管创新激励机制的匹配性设计, 以及监管部门完善董事会治理规则具有一定的借鉴意义.     

Improve Board Effectiveness: the Need for Incentives

Roberts, McNulty and Stiles (2005) focus on the attitudes and behaviours of non-executive directors in their recommendations for improving board effectiveness. This paper addresses the importance of providing incentives for non-executives in order to improve board effectiveness. It first points out that the current norms and practices in corporate governance suggest that, without strong incentives, non-executive directors are unlikely to become engaged in corporate governance, to challenge executive decision, and to remain independent of executive influences. It then proposes that, for non-executive directors to develop the attitudes and behaviors recommended by Roberts, McNulty and Stiles, it is important to require them own a significant amount of company stocks over a long period of time. It also addresses some concerns regarding the use of stock ownership to improve the effectiveness of non-executive directors in corporate governance.     

Women on boards and bank efficiency in ASEAN-5: the moderating role of the independent directors

Corporate governance codes around the world promote women’s presence in corporate board. The extant literature suggests women directors contribute to improve monitoring and advisory role of the board. This study aims to examine the role of independent women directors in improving banks’ efficiency. Using 102 commercial banks from ASEAN-5 countries for a period of 1999–2012, we run generalized method of moments models to test the relationship between the variables. Our results show that banks with independent women directors on board contribute significantly to the bank’s efficiency level. Contrary to the literature, we found that the appointment of women directors or independent directors alone does not significantly enhance banks’ efficiency. The result suggests that women directors are more effective on boards if they are also appointed as independent directors. This finding implies that a combination of corporate governance mechanism is more powerful than relying on a single element of corporate governance.     

Effect of the board of directors and the audit committee on firm performance: a panel data analysis

This research examines the relationship between independent directors, the audit committee (AC), and firm performance, taking into account the impact of the chief executive officer’s powers and block shareholders. We use the maximum likelihood estimator, based on agency theory assumptions and cylindered panel data, to examine three models of firm performance. The results show that the independence of the board is reflected clearly by increased economic and equity performance of the firm. However, an AC that is fully independent or meets frequently is associated with lower firm performance. Unlike pension funds, institutional shareholders can be considered an effective control mechanism in the context of France. Our results development includes advanced explanations for market liquidity and shareholders’ portfolios. The study period ends before the European regulation on ACs came into effect in 2008. This allows for an appreciation of soft law in French corporate governance. It also lets us compare the data with the way firms operate their boards one decade later. The evidence provides useful guidelines on the supremacy of soft law in corporate governance and suggests that the composition and functioning of the board of directors should be moderated based on the firms’ context. The specificity of the cylindered panel data helps to better examine the impact of the board and AC’s independence and functioning in French corporate governance structure.     

The configurational effects of board monitoring and the institutional environment on CEO compensation: a country-level fuzzy-set analysis

This study examines the causal complexity of how the effectiveness of board monitoring influences CEO compensation around the world. Previous research drawing from the managerial power theory and ‘increased career risks’ perspective offer alternative arguments for how low and high levels of effective monitoring by boards of directors influence CEO compensation. Adopting a configurational approach using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, we explore the idea that there are multiple causal paths leading to high levels of CEO compensation, such that theoretical logic from both theories may be relevant contingent upon the institutional environment in which the relationship is embedded. Our findings in a sample of 38 countries suggest that high CEO compensation is an outcome of both the presence and absence of effective board monitoring depending upon how it combines with minority investor protections and the cultural dimensions of power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and individualism, as well as the overall stock market value. Specifically, in countries with high levels of effective board monitoring, high CEO compensation will be more likely when the country’s culture is high in uncertainty avoidance, low in power distance and when there are strong protections for minority investors. Whereas in countries with low levels of effective board monitoring, high CEO compensation will be more likely when power distance is high and uncertainty avoidance is low and when there are weak protections for minority investors. Our country-level study highlights the theoretical strengths of employing a configurational approach to explore the complex interrelationships of governance mechanisms and the contexts in which they manifest.     

Aufsichtsratsverflechtungen und ihr Einfluss

This article examines the development of executive compensation of the German DAX corporations from 2001 to 2006. A higher executive compensation requires an approval of the supervisory board. Accordingly, we investigate the social network of the board of directors of these companies and use several variables describing the structure of this network as covariates of the development of the executive compensation in a panel analysis. Fixed and time effects panel estimations imply that a rising number of executives in the supervisory board of other companies results in increasing compensation. By contrast, executive compensation decreases when the supervisory board of the respective company is controlled by a growing number of executives from foreign companies.