劳动收入份额的决定与波动机制研究

本文通过数理经济模型的理论分析和计量经济模型的实证分析发现,决定社会产品初次分配中劳动收入份额高低的因素,除了政府的生产税税率之外,主要是劳动者的实际工资水平和生产技术水平,且二者的作用方向完全相反,都取决于要素替代弹性的大小。当资本和劳动的替代弹性小于1时,劳动者的实际工资水平越高,劳动收入份额就越高,劳动者的生产技术水平越高,劳动收入份额就越低;而当资本和劳动的替代弹性大于1时,则劳动者的实际工资水平越高,劳动收入份额就越低;劳动者的生产技术水平越高,劳动收入份额就越高。理论和实证的分析还表明,劳动者货币工资水平和实际工资水平的增长随着经济周期的波动而波动,实际工资水平增长率的波动与经济周期的波动方向相反,导致劳动收入份额也随经济周期反向波动。     

老龄化、延迟退休与财政可持续

文章利用2006-2015年31个省份的面板数据研究老龄化程度持续加深会否导致财政负担加剧。首先构造跨期迭代模型发现,老龄化对财政可持续性的影响与老龄人口负担的所得税率有关,当所得税率低于临界值时,老龄化率提高会对财政可持续性产生负面影响;而当老龄人口所得税率高于临界值时,老龄化率提高转向改善财政可持续性的一面。因此,以老年人相对工资水平为门槛变量,进一步建立面板门槛模型进行实证研究,结果表明,老龄化对财政可持续性的影响并非简单线性,而是存在非线性的门槛效应,并且区域差异明显。延迟退休的直接效应是通过增收减支来提高财政可持续性,然而更重要的是,延迟退休通过延长老年人的工作时长来拓展其创造的生产价值,并通过提高老年人收入水平来增加老年人缴纳的所得税,间接促进财政可持续性。     

家庭式迁移女性农民工劳动供给行为研究

随着城市化的不断推进,家庭式迁移已经成为农民工流动的重要模式。家庭式迁移的女性农民工需要同时扮演雇佣劳动者和家务主要承担者的双重角色,这种迁移模式对女性的劳动供给行为会造成重大的影响。利用浙江省农民工的调查数据,试图考察家庭式迁移女性农民工劳动供给的影响因素。分析结果表明:工作经验、培训经历、本地生活时间、工资对女性农民工的劳动供给具有显著影响;家庭结构的影响不显著,但子女或老人随迁会显著降低女性的劳动参与率和工作时间;分位数回归结果表明,各因素对女性工作时间不同分位数上的影响具有明显变化。     

税收激励与企业劳动雇佣——来自薪酬抵税政策的“准自然实验”

在经济下行压力不断加大的形势下,如何“稳就业”成为了各界关注的热点问题。本文以2008 年推行的薪酬抵税政策作为“准自然实验”捕捉企业税负的外生变化,并以2000-2018 年A 股上市公司数据作为研究样本,利用双重差分法考察了税收激励与企业雇佣行为之间的因果关系。实证结果表明:薪酬抵税政策带来了额外的税收优惠,进而促进了企业的雇佣需求,在有效排除共同趋势、预期效应、政策叠加效应以及反向因果问题后,这一结论依然稳健;异质性检验中发现,薪酬抵税政策对企业雇佣的激励效应在民营企业,成本转嫁能力较弱、劳动密集度较高以及处于市场化程度较高区域的企业中表现更加明显,这意味着企业对劳动力成本的变化越敏感,这一政策的作用效果就越好;薪酬抵税政策显著地提升了企业的经营绩效。本文的研究有助于深入理解税收影响企业行为的微观机理,对于政府利用税收政策扩大就业具有重要启示。     

统一内外资企业所得税率的CGE分析

内容提要：将于2008年1月1日起实行的新企业所得税法规定,对在我国境内设立的内、外资企业实行统一的企业所得税税率。这是我国税收政策的一个重大改变。本文建立了一个可计算一般均衡（CGE）模型,分析由此变化带来的对我国税收总量、社会福利水平以及对经济的影响。模型分析结果表明：如果实施新的税率,在较大幅度提高政府税收的同时,也提高了社会福利水平。但是并没有对相对福利水平带来巨大的正向冲击。     

A panel data analysis of the effects of wages, standard hours and unionization on paid overtime work in Britain

Summary.  This study examines the effects of the basic wage rate, standard working hours and unionization on paid overtime work in Britain by using individual level data from the New Earnings Survey over the period 1975–2001. For this purpose we estimate a panel data model. We show that to obtain consistent estimates it is important to allow for both the censoring of paid overtime hours at 0 and for correlations between the explanatory variables and unobserved individual-specific effects. The main empirical results are that a reduction in standard hours increases both the incidence of overtime and overtime hours, whereas an increase in the wage rate decreases the incidence of overtime but brings a small increase in overtime hours for those working overtime. For men the effects are stronger than for women. Union coverage is of minor empirical importance. The occupation and industry structure of employment has shifted from high to lower overtime jobs. Taken together, these economic variables can explain almost half of the changing incidence of overtime for men, and most of the change in overtime hours worked by women, but are less successful in explaining the changes in overtime hours worked by men or the incidence of overtime for women.     

最低工资政策的城镇家庭收入分配效应研究

家庭在福利分析中具有重要地位，但家庭收入如何受最低工资政策影响却很少得到关注。本文采用2005-2015年中国综合社会调查（CGSS）数据，利用多时期双重差分和再中心化影响函数回归方法实证考察了最低工资政策对我国城镇家庭收入及其分布的影响。研究发现：①最低工资标准上涨显著提升了处于贫困标准1~2倍家庭的收入水平，对贫困标准以下或高于贫困标准2倍以上的家庭收入没有影响；②最低工资标准提升可有效减缓城镇家庭收入不平等，尤其对家庭收入分布较低分位部分的不平等程度有明显改善；③最低工资政策对家庭收入的最终影响取决于工资溢出效应和就业挤出效应的比较，且其对不同收入等级家庭中成员的收入和就业影响存在明显的异质性。政府在制定最低工资政策时，应针对低收入女性劳动力出台相应的配套措施，以保证各类低收入家庭均能从最低工资标准提升中受益。     

Nonparametric Panel Estimation of Labor Supply

In this article, we estimate structural labor supply with piecewise-linear budgets and nonseparable endogenous unobserved heterogeneity. We propose a two-stage method to address the endogeneity issue that comes from the correlation between the covariates and unobserved heterogeneity. In the first stage, Evdokimov’s nonparametric de-convolution method serves to identify the conditional distribution of unobserved heterogeneity from the quasi-reduced model that uses panel data. In the second stage, the conditional distribution is plugged into the original structural model to estimate labor supply. We apply this methodology to estimate the labor supply of U.S. married men in 2004 and 2005. Our empirical work demonstrates that ignoring the correlation between the covariates and unobserved heterogeneity will bias the estimates of wage elasticities upward. The labor elasticity estimated from a fixed effects model is less than half of that obtained from a random effects model.     

The Estimation of Compensating Wage Differentials: Lessons From the Deadliest Catch

ABSTRACT

I use longitudinal survey data from commercial fishing deckhands in the Alaskan Bering Sea to provide new insights on empirical methods commonly used to estimate compensating wage differentials and the value of statistical life (VSL). The unique setting exploits intertemporal variation in fatality rates and wages within worker-vessel pairs caused by a combination of weather patterns and policy changes, allowing identification of parameters and biases that it has only been possible to speculate about in more general settings. I show that estimation strategies common in the literature produce biased estimates in this setting, and decompose the bias components due to latent worker, establishment, and job-match heterogeneity. The estimates also remove the confounding effects of endogenous job mobility and dynamic labor market search, narrowing a conceptual gap between search-based hedonic wage theory and its empirical applications. I find that workers’ marginal aversion to fatal risk falls as risk levels rise, which suggests complementarities in the benefits of public safety policies. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

Patterns of consent: evidence from a general household survey

Summary.  We analyse patterns of consent and consent bias in the context of a large general household survey, the 'Improving survey measurement of income and employment' survey, also addressing issues that arise when there are multiple consent questions. A multivariate probit regression model for four binary outcomes with two incidental truncations is used. We show that there are biases in consent to data linkage with benefit and tax credit administrative records that are held by the Department for Work and Pensions, and with wage and employment data held by employers. There are also biases in respondents' willingness and ability to supply their national insurance number. The biases differ according to the question that is considered. We also show that modelling questions on consent independently rather than jointly may lead to misleading inferences about consent bias. A positive correlation between unobservable individual factors affecting consent to Department for Work and Pensions record linkage and consent to employer record linkage is suggestive of a latent individual consent propensity.     

长寿风险对教育和退休决策的影响

本文在三阶段世代交叠及两部门经济模型的框架下研究长寿风险对劳动者受教育年限、退休年龄及长期收入的影响。个人的一生分为教育、工作及退休三个阶段,同时劳动者采用经验-工资的倒U型曲线,在此条件下分析劳动者的工作-闲暇决定和消费-储蓄决定。根据模型显示,长寿风险会增加个人的受教育年限、延长退休年龄以及增加劳动者的长期收入。同时,根据模型的敏感性分析,政府对劳动者征收的税率也会对劳动者个人决策产生影响,而且这种影响的程度超过了长寿风险的影响。最后,根据模型的结论提出了相应的政策性建议。     

The internal relocation premium: are migrants positively or negatively selected? Evidence from Italy

This paper analyzes the wage returns from internal migration for recent graduates in Italy. We employ a switching regression model that accounts for the endogeneity of the individual's choice to relocate to get a job after graduation: the omission of this selection decision can lead to biased estimates, as there is potential correlation between earnings and unobserved traits, exerting an influence on the decision to migrate. The empirical results sustain the appropriateness of the estimation technique and show that there is a significant pay gap between migrants and non-migrants; migrants seem to be positively selected and the migration premium is downward biased through OLS estimates. The endogeneity of migration shows up both as a negative intercept effect and as a positive slope effect, the second being larger than the first: bad knowledge of the local labor market and financial constraints lead migrants to accept a low basic wage but, due to relevant returns to their characteristics, they finally obtain a higher wage than the others.     

工作条件、工资补偿与劳动力市场城乡分割测量

鉴于工资既是对劳动者生产率贡献的支付同时又是对劳动者承受负面工作条件的补偿这一复杂性,鉴于城镇劳动力市场上城乡两类劳动者在艰苦危险程度不等岗位上分布的显著差异性,依据调查工资的城乡差异来测量劳动力市场上城乡分割的程度可能不尽客观。本文关注岗位的工作条件及其工资补偿,依据两类劳动者的可比工资差异观察城乡分割状态。研究发现：在绝对意义上,无论城镇工还是农民工,艰苦危险的工作条件未能带来显著更高的工资正效应;但相对于城镇工,农民工的工资中包含了更多的基于艰苦危险工作条件的岗位补偿部分;在岗位补偿可比口径下,城乡劳动者的工资差异显著大于调查工资口径下的工资差异。以此判断,我国城镇劳动力市场存在以负面工作条件补偿不足为形式的隐性分割,次级劳动力市场中,尤其是哪些最为艰苦和危险的工作岗位上,城乡劳动者看似基本一致的工资水平并不代表农民工获得了平等的生产率回报。     

基于S基尼系数的中国行业工资差距分析

针对行业工资数据的特点,本文提出了一个S基尼系数变化的分解模型,说明了导致S基尼系数变化的三个因素：工资水平变动、行业排序变化以及职工在不同行业之间的流动。实证研究表明,我国行业工资差距的扩大趋势非常明显,其中工资增长的非均衡性与行业排序变化是导致行业间工资差距扩大的重要原因,而职工流动虽然在一定程度上缓解了行业间工资差距的扩大,但是近期职工流动缓解工资差距的效果逐步减弱。为了有效控制行业间工资差距的扩大,一方面需要着力解决工资水平增长的不合理差异,另一方面要完善劳动力市场,推动劳动力在不同行业之间正常有序流动。     

Recent Two-Stage Sample Selection Procedures With an Application to the Gender Wage Gap

Recently developed two-stage estimation methods of sample selection models are used, in the context of data from the 1989 Labor Market Activity Survey, to examine labor supply decisions and wage outcomes for employed men and women. Recent hypothesis test procedures are used to test for no sample selection and to test for a parametric against a semiparametric selection-correction procedure. We conclude that selection is indeed an issue for the sample at hand and that the semiparametric specification is appropriate. We also present the standard decomposition of the gender wage gap into its explained and unexplained portions.     

劳动保护、工作福利、社会保障与农民工城镇就业

 基于上海1446份农民工调查样本所建立的有序Probit模型及实证分析显示,工资收入、工作福利、社会保障、个性特征对农民工城镇就业有显著影响,而劳动保护、权益侵犯的影响并不显著。工资收入等经济因素是影响农民工城镇就业的核心因素,农民工劳动保护和权益保护意识还不强。因此,要应对“民工荒”,关键是要满足农民工的物质需求,给予农民工实实在在的经济利益,特别是企业要提供较高的工资水平和良好的工作福利,城镇相关部门要提供较完善的社会保障并关注农民工在城镇的生活支出和成本等。该研究对于揭示“民工荒”的成因,保持农村劳动力有序、平稳、持续地向城镇转移,具有重要意义。     

工资与物价会螺旋波动吗？

VECM模型分析表明,我国工资与物价间存在明显的螺旋波动关系。将工资进一步分解为城镇劳动力工资和农民工工资后发现,这一螺旋关系是由城镇劳动力工资与物价之间的直接螺旋关系以及农民工工资与物价之间的间接螺旋关系组合而成的。城镇劳动力的工资波动会对物价构成直接压力,而农民工工资波动会通过城镇劳动力工资对物价构成间接压力。文章进一步从二元就业制度下劳动供给机制扭曲的角度分析了两类螺旋关系的原因。     

流转税和所得税的福利效应研究

 本文根据我国城市（镇）不同收入阶层1999年至2008年的支出结构数据及现金收入和支出统计状况,测算出我国城镇居民消费支出的有效税率②和所得税额;利用跨期消费决策的两期模型,构造居民消费效用函数,即消费者的福利函数,测算出我国流转税和所得税的福利损失（成本）。结果显示：我国居民消费符合边际消费倾向递减规律;不同收入阶层的消费时间偏好不同,收入水平越低越倾向于当前消费;流转税具有明显的累退效应,而所得税的累进效应,特别是个人所得税的累进效应不明显,使得我国当前的税制结构对收入分配的调节力度不够。     

基于间接税转嫁的中国要素收入有效税负测算

 本文基于税负转嫁的视角,构造了要素收入有效税率的核算框架,详细界定了各种要素税负的核算范围,并实证测算了1995-2010年中国劳动与资本的实际有效税负。研究发现,与世界发达国家相比,我国的要素税负也并不算低。其中,间接税对居民消费的转嫁作用、增值税进项抵扣环节的重复计税是劳动、资本有效税率攀升的重要原因。     

中国城镇家庭收入增长益贫性形成机制研究

 借助社会福利函数对益贫式增长测度的可分解性,结合中国健康与营养调查（CHNS）提供的家庭就业率、劳动参与率、劳动报酬率、劳动时间等微观数据,追溯居民收入形成的劳动力市场特征要素,将居民收入和各劳动力市场特征的效用性、公平性与增长的损益相结合,应用要素分解模型阐释中国新世纪以来城镇家庭收入增长的益贫性及其形成机制,由此得到更具针对性的收入益贫式增长政策启示。