一类再制造产品的定价策略研究

研究了制造商对新产品和再制造产品进行差异化定价时,新产品和再制造产品的最优定价和与之相对应的产品回收率,并与单一定价策略进行了比较分析。通过数值仿真,讨论了不同参数对单一定价策略和差异化定价策略的利润和产品回收率的影响,并给出了相关结论。     

无偏好市场下制造/再制造系统最优生产决策

尽管再制造可以重新获得产品的附加价值,但是再制造产品和新产品具有一定的替代性,厂商在各期应该采用何种生产策略?本文选取单一制造厂商,首先讨论无偏好市场下两期再制造最优生产策略,建立厂商利润最大化的经济优化模型;然后给出了再制造成本节约临界值,以便厂商在不同的再制造成本区域内采取合适的价格和产量决策策略;进而将模型拓展,研究无限期的最优产量和定价策略。由于不同产品的再制造成本节约s的比例并不相同,本文通过优化所得的结论进行数据模拟,研究产品回收率和降级率对s*的影响,s对厂商的产量、定价决策及利润的影响,进而分析降级率对产量和价格的影响,为厂商制定产品设计、生产和回收决策提供依据。     

废旧产品再制造环境下的产品定价和再制造方式分配

原材料价格的不断上涨,使得制造企业开始通过废旧产品的回收和再制造来缓解制造成本的上涨.然而,制造企业可以采用较昂贵的技术生产与新产品无差异的再制造品,也可以采用较廉价的技术生产在低端市场销售的再制造品,不同的再制造方式会给制造商带来不同的利润;另一方面废旧品的边际回收成本随着回收率的上升而上升,使得制造企业必须小心选择废旧品的回收数量.文中构建了高端市场和低端市场之间存在需求的线性替代关系时,再制造品和新产品的定价问题,并在优化计算的基础上得到了成本结构对于最优利润、最优价格、最优回收率和不同再制造方式比重的影响.     

第三方回收商领导型两级闭环供应链的回收与定价策略

与一般废旧产品的回收产品再制造相比，废弃电子电器产品回收拆解后需要兼顾产品与零部件再制造，从而减少电子电器产品对环境的污染，推进资源的重复利用。为了探讨第三方回收商的回收与定价策略对供应商和制造商的影响，本文构建由单一供应商、制造商和第三方回收商组成的两级再制造闭环供应链，建立Stackelberg博弈模型，研究两级再制造情形下和仅产品再制造情形下回收商的有效回收比例、回收定价和回收努力程度等决策，并对两种再制造情形下供应链各成员的决策与收益进行对比分析。研究发现：对于回收商而言，回收数量、有效回收比例的增加有助于回收商获得更多的额外收益。如果在仅产品再制造情形下的有效回收比例较大，回收商的决策和收益主要取决于无效零部件的回收价。当无效零部件的回收价较低时，回收商在仅产品再制造情形下的决策和收益更优；反之，回收商在两级再制造情形下的决策和收益更优。对于其他供应链成员而言，两种再制造策略都能够降低供应商和制造商的定价，促进市场需求的增加。具体而言，不同的再制造策略对批发价、零售价和市场需求的影响与有效回收比例和无效零部件的回收价密切相关。     

外包再制造下再制造设计对制造 /再制造影响

为分析外包再制造模式下,再制造设计对制造/再制造供应链竞争的影响,构建制造/再制造博弈模型.基于博弈模型,分析再制造设计费用不同承担方式对再制造设计努力程度、废旧产品回收率、收益和环境等影响.研究结果表明:原始制造商通过外包再制造不仅可以降低再制造商的市场竞争优势,还可以获得再制造带来的收益;再制造设计可以促进再制造商回收废旧产品,提高废旧产品回收率;无论是原始制造商还是再制造商承担再制造设计费用,两者收益分别在再制造设计努力程度的不同点达到最大,而不是再制造设计努力程度越大其收益越大;再制造对环境影响并不总是有利的,当单位再制造产品与新产品对环境造成的影响之比小于某一阀值,同时再制造设计给单位再制造产品带来收益与带给单位新产品收益之比大于某一阀值时,再制造才有利于降低对环境的影响.     

基于市场划分的再制造许可费对定价策略的影响

研究了基于市场划分的再制造许可费对闭环供应链定价策略的影响。考虑到再制造商具有只针对于绿色消费者进行销售的高价策略和针对于全体消费者进行销售的低价策略，基于回收量约束构建了包含一个原制造商和一个再制造商的Stackelberg博弈模型，求解两类定价策略下的最优决策。分析表明存在再制造许可费取值区间，当再制造许可费在不同的区间时，原制造商将通过在闭环供应链中的领导者地位迫使再制造商决定不同的定价策略。最后通过数值分析验证了再制造许可费的取值区间以及不同许可费时的闭环供应链定价策略和利润。     

寡头市场信息产品与服务的最优定价策略

在信息产品与服务竞争性市场中,信息产品及附加服务的定价策略日渐成为信息产品提供商关心的首要问题.而以往的研究多集中于单一信息产品的定价策略,没有统一考虑产品的后续服务,且假设消费者的网络外部性强度相同.分析了异质消费者和双寡头垄断市场,针对基础信息产品和附加服务的定价策略选择问题,建立了双寡头垄断市场中两个企业的捆绑销售和分别销售策略的博弈模型,使得双寡头企业通过4种局势下的策略选择实现收益最大化的定价策略.同时,将差异化网络外部性强度系数引入Hotelling模型,计算企业的需求函数和收益函数,并采用两阶段Bertrand博弈分析两个企业的定价策略和竞争行为.通过模型求解,得到4种局势下两家企业的最优定价解析解.通过数值模拟分析了潜在消费者的构成比例及市场规模对企业定价、市场占有率和最优收益产生的影响,以及不同成本和市场规模组合下企业的最优定价策略.     

奖惩机制下电子类产品制造商回收再制造决策模型

研究了电子类产品制造商回收再制造决策问题。为引导制造商回收再制造,设计了一个奖惩机制。建立了制造商回收再制造的三个决策模型并分别比较了三种情形下制造商的决策结果。研究表明:只有回收再制造具有成本优势时制造商才自愿回收废旧产品;当回收再制造废旧产品具有成本优势时,该奖惩机制导致回收率提高、新产品销售价格降低、新产品需求量增加;当回收再制造废旧产品不具有成本优势时,该奖惩机制导致回收率提高、新产品销售价格提高、新产品需求量减少;针对有无回收再制造成本优势情形,分别给出了奖惩机制下制造商利润大于无奖惩机制情形下制造商利润的奖惩力度和最低回收率的临界值;本文结论能够为政府引导制造商回收再制造提供理论指导。     

基于产品差异的再制造闭环供应链定价与协调研究

建立了在分散式决策和集中式决策2种情形下两周期再制造闭环供应链的决策模型,得出了制造商的最优批发价格和回购价格、零售商对新产品和再制造产品的差异定价以及双方的利润,并分析了不同参数变化对价格、回收率和利润的影响.将2种情形下的最优决策结果进行了比较,结果表明分散式决策下存在双重边际效应,系统效益非最优;利用收益共享契约来协调闭环供应链,通过算例验证了所得结论的正确性.     

考虑法律约束的两周期电子产品回收再制造决策研究

研究电子产品制造商面临政府回收法律约束时的再制造决策问题。第一个周期开始时,制造商生产并决定新产品的价格。当产品的生命周期到达时,面对政府制定的回收法律约束,制造商回收市场中的旧产品用于再制造。第二个周期开始时,制造商同时决策新产品和再造品的价格。研究发现：根据逆向运营成本(即回收成本与再制造成本之和)与新产品生产成本的不同组合,制造商对应五个不同的回收再制造策略;当逆向运营成本低于一定阈值时,法律强制回收不会影响企业的利润;而高于该阈值时,法律强制回收会减少企业的利润,因为较高的逆向运营成本使得企业没有意愿回收旧产品。此外,研究收集了实际数据并进行了案例分析,结果表明研究模型具有较强的稳健性。     

Optimal Policies for Selling New and Remanufactured Products

Because of environmental and economic reasons, an increasing number of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) nowadays sell both new and remanufactured products. When both products are available, customers will buy the one that gives them a higher (and non‐negative) utility. Thus, if the firm does not price the products properly, then product cannibalization may arise and its revenue may be adversely impacted. In this paper, we study the pricing problem of a firm that sells both new and remanufactured products over a finite planning horizon. Customer demand processes for both new and remanufactured products are random and price‐sensitive, and product returns (also called cores) are random and remanufactured upon receipt. We characterize the optimal pricing and manufacturing policies that maximize the expected total discounted profit. If new products are made‐to‐order (MTO), we show that when the inventory level of remanufactured product increases, the optimal price of remanufactured product decreases while the price difference between new and remanufactured products increases; however, the optimal selling price of new product may increase or decrease. If new products are made to stock (MTS), then the optimal manufacturing policy is of a base‐stock policy with the base‐stock level decreasing in the remanufactured product inventory level. To understand the potential benefit in implementing an MTO system, we study the difference between the value functions of the MTO and MTS systems, and develop lower and upper bounds for it. Finally, we study several extensions of the base model and show that most of our results extend to those more general settings.     

Effects of Random Yield in Remanufacturing with Price‐Sensitive Supply and Demand

In this study, we investigate the effects of recovery yield rate on pricing decisions in reverse supply chains. Motivated by the automotive parts remanufacturing industry, we consider an end‐of‐life product from which a particular part can be recovered and remanufactured for reuse, and the remainder of the product can be recycled for material recovery. Both the supply of end‐of‐life products and demand for remanufactured parts are price‐sensitive. Yield of the recovery process is random and depends on the acquisition price offered for the end‐of‐life products. In this setting, we develop models to determine the optimal acquisition price for the end‐of‐life products and the selling price for remanufactured parts. We also analyze the effects of yield variation to the profitability of remanufacturing, benefits of delaying pricing decisions until after yield realization, and value of perfect yield rate information.     

考虑奢侈与环保偏好的再制造品最优定价策略

把奢侈、环保偏好消费者考虑到再制造品市场需求中,研究了奢侈与环保消费者构成市场的再制造品最优定价策略,发现奢侈与环保偏好消费者比例不同的市场再制造品最优定价存在差异,并且差异价格随着消费者比例不同有所不同;同时发现在价格歧视的边界上,即奢侈消费者与绿色消费者比例存在某种特定关系时,差异价格可以获得相同的利润,却可以得到不同再制造品数量,这为制造商在利润不受损下,实现社会环保目标、提升绿色形象创造了一条路径。然后根据上述的不同的市场结构特征,建议制造商采取相应价格歧视策略,并通过算例验证了上述的结论。     

Cost Allocation in Manufacturing–Remanufacturing Operations

For firms remanufacturing their products, the total life‐cycle costs and revenues from new and remanufactured products determine their profitability. In many firms, manufacturing/sales and remanufacturing/remarketing operations are carried out in different divisions. Each division is responsible for only part of the product's life cycle. Practices regarding transfer pricing across divisions vary significantly among companies, affecting the life‐cycle profit performance of the product. In this research, we identify characteristics of transfer prices that achieve the firm‐wide optimal solution. To this end, we consider a manufacturer who also undertakes remanufacturing operations and we focus on price (quantity) decisions. We determine that a cost allocation mechanism that allocates a portion of the initial production cost to each of the two stages of the product life cycle should be used. We also conclude that cost allocation should be implemented as a fixed cost allocation, where charges to the remanufacturing division should be determined independently of the actual quantity of units remanufactured.     

Joint Life‐Cycle Dynamics of New and Remanufactured Products

Many products considered for remanufacturing are durables that exhibit a well‐pronounced product life cycle—they diffuse gradually through the market. The remanufactured product, which is a cheaper substitute for the new product, is often put on the market during the life cycle of the new product and affects its sales dynamics. In this paper, we study the integrated dynamic management of a portfolio of new and remanufactured products that progressively penetrate a potential market over the product life cycle. To this end, we extend the Bass diffusion model in a way that maintains the two essential features of remanufacturing settings: (a) substitution between new and remanufactured products, and (b) a constraint on the diffusion of remanufactured products due to the limited supply of used products that can be remanufactured. We identify characteristics of the diffusion paths of new and remanufactured products. Finally, we analyze the impact of levers such as remanufacturability level, capacity profile and reverse channel speed on profitability.     

WTP差异下的再制造进入决策研究

本文在消费者对再制造产品及新产品的支付意愿存在差异的条件下,分别对有无竞争环境下OEM的再制造进入决策边界条件进行了研究。研究结果表明,满足边界条件时,虽然再制造产品对新产品的市场产生了蚕食效应,但再制造产品的获利性能弥补这种损失,使得OEM进入再制造能获取更多的利润。在此基础上,通过数值仿真,讨论了不同参数对OEM及竞争者的产量及利润的影响。     

Revenue and Cost Management for Remanufactured Products

This paper considers pricing and remanufacturing strategy of a firm that decides to offer both new and remanufactured versions of its product in the market and is concerned with demand cannibalization. We present a model of demand cannibalization and a behavioral study that estimates a key modeling parameter: a fraction of consumers who switch from new to remanufactured product. As we show, this fraction has an inverted‐U shape, and, thus, the underlying consumer behavior cannot be modeled using the standard methodologies that rely on consumers' willingness to pay (WTP). We find that by incorporating the inverted‐U‐shaped consumer behavior, the firm remanufactures under broader conditions, charges a much lower price, and typically remanufactures more units—leading to an increase of profits from remanufacturing by up to a factor of two as compared with making decisions based on the WTP only. Lastly, we find that the behavior of the low‐price market segment plays an important role because the firm reacts to it differently than the WTP‐based logic would suggest.     

混合需求下考虑专利保护因素的闭环供应链定价与协调

在新产品需求为随机需求,再制造产品需求受销售价格影响的混合需求条件下,以博弈论为主要工具,研究了受专利保护的再制造闭环供应链的定价与协调问题,分析了集中决策和分散决策两种情形下的新产品最优订购量、废旧产品最优回收价格、最优专利许可费用、再制造品最优零售价格以及供应链的最优利润,并通过收益分享一费用分担契约对闭环供应链系统进行了协调,并通过数值算例验证了集中决策和分散决策情形下再制造成本节约对供应链成员的最优决策和利润的影响,以及收益分享.费用分担契约对闭环供应链的协调效果。研究表明再制造受专利保护的情况下,原制造商能通过专利许可费来影响第三方再制造商回收的废旧产品的回收价格和回收量,进而去影响原制造商和第三方再制造商的收益。