基于中小板企业项目投资的实物期权方法实证研究

传统投资决策方法往往会低估投资项目的价值,实物期权方法因更充分考虑不确定性和决策柔性的价值而被认为可以弥补传统方法的缺陷.本文通过对中小板企业投资项目的分析对此进行了验证,结果表明实物期权方法比NPV法能够更好地解释股票市场反应和更加准确地体现项目投资的价值.     

浅谈投资风险量化分析模型的应用

本文主要结合投资的一般规律,采用量化分析方法对风险投资及敏感性进行分析估测。投资的主要环节有投资的决策、项目的实施、投资中止、退出等,企业要利用投资风险量化分析进行实际的分析,并据以判断投资项目的风险大小并做出决策。     

投资时限对项目期权价值的影响分析

针对一般实物期权研究中,项目投资无限期假设的不足,研究实际中对投资时间有限期要求项目的投资期权评价问题.文章以我国房地产投资政策为背景,建立模型,研究给出了对投资机会限定在时间T内有效、投资者在其中具有投资管理柔性的投资项目的价值评价.用数值分析方法讨论了投资时限对投资机会价值和对投资者最优决策的影响,给出了投资者在等待以降低投资风险和尽快投资以避免机会失效之间的权衡.     

项目投资组合的风险决策模型及应用

本文对项目投资组合决策方法进行了总结分析,指出了其中的不足.通过借鉴证券投资组合理论,结合项目投资组合的特点,构建了项目投资组合的风险决策模型,弥补了现有方法的不足,并设计了一种简单的模型求解方法.该模型在保证资金等资源合理配置的前提下,考虑了项目投资的先后顺序,引入了组合风险,在风险承受范围内,实现项目组合收益的最大化.最后,通过一个实例验证了模型的有效性和实用性.     

基于序列投资的汽车项目投资决策模型

汽车项目投资具有投资大和较高的不确定性特点,一般分阶段进行,可以视为一个序列投资.多个投资阶段之间存在着相互影响,前一阶段的投资应考虑到后续各阶段投资的可能性.以汽车项目投资为背景,运用二叉树决策方法建立了多阶段的序列投资评价模型,并应用实物期权理论对序列投资中各阶段可能创造的价值进行了分析.通过构建基于序列投资评价的汽车项目投资决策模型,可以对汽车企业投资进行评价,有助于做出有效的决策.     

决策柔性的一般定义、模型与价值

许多学者和决策实践者认为,决策柔性应当具有价值.但这一直觉推测并未在一般的决策理论框架下得到的证实.文章的目的就是要从理论上证明这一推测.通过回顾关于柔性的文献,归纳出柔性的本质属性(范围和速度).进而在决策理论的一般框架下,给出了决策柔性的数学定义,建立了柔性决策模型,并指出了该模型与经典柔性决策模型之间的关系.最后,应用该模型,证明了"决策选项的价值随着决策(范围和(或)反应)柔性水平的提高而增加"这一基本结论.     

分布式供应链节点企业物流能力柔性价值研究

节点企业物流能力柔性是影响分布式供应链能否快速响应客户的关键因素之一.首先对物流能力的研究进行回顾,分析分布式供应链中节点企业物流能力、特点和运作流程.界定了节点企业物流能力柔性及其价值,通过对物流能力投资过程的分析,在相关合理假设的基础上,分析物流能力投资环节中如何计算不确定性的投资收益,并最终建立基于多段随机规划和实物期权的物流能力柔性价值决策模型.模型中存在的需求的不确定性和决策点的可选择性使求解复杂,因而采用Latin超立方分层采样技术和蒙特卡洛模拟技术对模型进行求解,模型解决了传统财务方法忽视物流能力投资后无形价值计算的问题.最后用案例分析说明该模型在计算节点企业物流能力柔性价值上是有效的.     

不确定环境下自然资源开发项目投资评价模型

以不确定环境下自然资源开发项目投资评价问题为研究对象,以现金收益、开发投资和运营成本的不确定性对投资价值的影响为切入点,在现有实物期权投资评价模型的基础上,同时考虑项目方在投资阶段推迟投资和在生产阶段暂停运营的管理柔性,建立基于多随机变量的自然资源开发项目实物期权投资评价模型． 应用交换型期权和鞅过程等定价理论给出了模型的解析解,并结合某原油开发项目的实例进行了参数的静态分析．     

期权博弈理论的方法模型分析与发展

针对传统企业项目投资估价和决策理论方法中存在的问题 ,结合国外最新研究成果 ,对期权定价理论和博弈论在企业项目投资估价和决策中应用的新方法——期权博弈理论方法进行分析研究 ,总结归纳出期权博弈方法的一般化分析框架 ,并对一些典型的模型进行综述 ,提出进一步研究的方向     

作业价值柔性管理方法研究

基于集成企业资源计划提出了作业价值柔性管理定义,以经济增加值结合现金流量管理为作业价值柔性管理的控制目标,运用预算差异分析方法得到了作业价值柔性管理需要响应的关键变量及合理作业执行定量化策略,通过信息耦合模型设计得到了定量策略的求解方法,通过实例演示了作业价值柔性管理的决策过程.结果显示,合理的作业技术选择策略能够响应环境变化,在实现价值目标的过程中使作业价值显示出动态柔性特征,同时作业价值柔性管理的定量策略还可为作业外包提供决策支持.     

非对称信息条件下实物期权最优投资问题研究

描述了实物期权投资者和经营者价值函数,分析了不同信息条件下实物期权的最优投 资决策. 在非对称信息条件下,实物期权经营者对于项目价值信息隐匿,这是一个具有逆向选 择的委托代理问题. 设计了以实物期权投资者利润数学期望最大为目标函数,以投资和数量折 扣作为状态方程的最优控制问题. 应用极大值原理推导了实物期权最优投资和数量折扣的求 解方案. 最后,进行了实物期权最优投资的仿真实验,验证了实物期权在项目投资问题上的分 析结果.     

基于实物期权的项目组合投资决策研究

基于项目投资决策的可延迟性特征,将实物期权的决策灵活性思想引入到企业的投资组合决策中,建立了基于实物期权的0-1整数规划模型.模型以项目的期权价值最大化作为投资组合项目选择的标准,通过项目组合投资时机的灵活安排,实现了项目组合的总投资价值最大化.     

Are real options more valuable in the presence of agency conflicts?

The theory on real options has extended the traditional net present value rule in order to capture the value of flexibility in investment decisions. Typically, the theory of real options does not take into account agency conflicts (between central and divisional management). In this paper, we investigate the influence of agency conflicts on real options within a LEN-type model. We extend a standard LEN model with investment activities by explicitly considering the possibility to abandon an investment project after all parties involved have received further information about the project’s development. Especially, we analyze how the option’s flexibility value is influenced by the agency conflict. Our analysis shows that the real option alters the trade-off between risk sharing and incentives that underlies the agency conflict. Thereby, situations can occur in which central (and divisional) management evaluates the abandonment option ex ante differently than ex post. Using this framework, we discuss the role of commitment and the advantages of centralization and delegation of the abandonment decision.

Reducing Risk Through Real Options in Systems Design: The Case of Architecting a Maritime Domain Protection System

Complex engineering systems are usually designed to last for many years. Such systems will face many uncertainties in the future. Hence the design and deployment of these systems should not be based on a single scenario, but should incorporate flexibility. Flexibility can be incorporated in system architectures in the form of options that can be exercised in the future when new information is available. Incorporating flexibility comes, however, at a cost. To evaluate if this cost is worth the investment a real options analysis can be carried out. This approach is demonstrated through analysis of a case study of a previously developed static system-of-systems for maritime domain protection in the Straits of Malacca. This article presents a framework for dynamic strategic planning of engineering systems using real options analysis and demonstrates that flexibility adds considerable value over a static design. In addition to this it is shown that Monte Carlo analysis and genetic algorithms can be successfully combined to find solutions in a case with a very large number of possible futures and system designs.     

项目区域投资的期权特征与决策研究

运用期权的观点和方法研究项目区域投资问题具有重要的现实意义.在衡量投资区域机会价值的基础上,分析了项目区域投资的期权特征,建立了项目区域投资决策的实物期权模型,为实际中的多区域投资决策问题提供了一种量化分析方法.     

Risk Uncertainty and Supply Chain Decisions: A Real Options Perspective

Supply chain risk uncertainty can create severe repercussions, thus it is not surprising that research interest in supply chain risk has been growing. While extant inquiry is informative, there is a lack of investigations that center on supply chain investment decisions when facing high levels of risk uncertainty. Given the potential dollar value involved in these decisions, an understanding of how these supply chain decisions are made is of significant theoretical and practical importance. Real options theory, with its focus on decision making under conditions of uncertainty, is an appealing theoretical lens for this endeavor. In essence, real options theory asserts that managerial decisions center on creating and then exercising or not exercising certain opportunities. To date, theorizing about and investigations of real options have used firms as their focus. Not yet examined are real options within supply chains that cross firm boundaries and drive much of the competitive activity in the modern economy. Accordingly, we extend real options theory to the supply chain context by examining how different types of options are approached relative to supply chain project investments. Specifically, we theorize how the options will be related to perceived value under conditions of high supply chain risk uncertainty. Overall, our investigation builds knowledge by extending real options theory to the supply chain context and by providing evidence suggesting some options operate differently in supply chains than they do in firms.     

A Learning Real Options Framework with Application to Process Design and Capacity Planning

This paper studies the impact of learning on a multi‐staged investment scenario. In contrast to other models in the real options literature in which learning is viewed as a passive consequence of the delay period, this paper quantifies information acquisition by merging statistical decision theory with the real options framework. In this context, real option attributes are discussed from a Bayesian perspective, thresholds are identified for improved decision‐making, and information's impact on downstream decision‐making is discussed. Using real data provided by a firm in the aerospace maintenance, repair, and overhaul industry, the methodology is used to guide a multi‐phased irreversible investment decision involving process design and capacity planning.     

The impact of the product mix on the value of flexibility

Product-mix flexibility is one of the major types of manufacturing flexibility, referring to the ability to produce a broad range of products or variants with presumed low changeover costs. The value of such a capability is important to establish for an industrial firm in order to ensure that the flexibility provided will be at the right level and used profitably rather than in excess of market requirements and consequently costly. We use option-pricing theory to analyse the impact of various product-mix issues on the value of flexibility. The real options model we use incorporates multiple products, capacity constraints as well as set-up costs. The issues treated here include the number of products, demand variability, correlation between products, and the relative demand distribution within the product mix. Thus, we are interested in the nature of the input data to analyse its effect on the value of flexibility. We also check the impact at different capacity levels. The results suggest that the value of flexibility (i) increases with an increasing number of products, (ii) decreases with increasing volatility of product demand, (iii) decreases the more positively correlated the demand is, and (iv) reduces for marginal capacity with increasing levels of capacity. Of these, the impact of positively correlated demand seems to be a major issue. However, the joint impact of the number of products and demand correlation showed some non-intuitive results.     

随机条件下房地产开发的最优时机选择及其可达性问题研究

实物期权框架下的房地产投资相关研究长期忽视了对投资时机可达性问题的研究、忽视了对收益流与成本流相关性问题的探讨.有鉴于此,本文在房地产价格与建安成本二重随机性以及二者具有相关性的条件下,运用期权分析技术建模研究了房地产开发商的最优时机选择问题及最优时机的可达性问题.同时,文章对研究结果作了可达性分析、比较静态分析、数值分析、经济含义分析与政策含义分析,并对结论做了定性的实证检验.