个税减免与企业薪酬策略

税收归宿理论认为,税收最终归宿取决于要素供给弹性和需求弹性,而非法定归宿人。已有较多文献围绕企业税负和消费税展开了研究,然而个人所得税是否适用于该理论,现有文献鲜有讨论。本文利用中国2018年个人所得税改革这一外生冲击,使用上市公司数据和强度双重差分法,回答了该问题。本文发现个人所得税减免政策实施后,企业会通过下调薪酬增长率分享个人所得税减免红利。上述结果在劳动供给弹性小、需求弹性大的组别中更为明显,这说明税收归宿理论适用于个人所得税。薪酬增长率下调主要是由工资和奖金这部分应税薪酬驱动,基本养老保险、医疗保险和年金等非应税薪酬的增长率未发生显著变化。异质性分析表明,在融资约束高、业务发展快及劳动密集型组别中,薪酬增长率因个人所得税减免而下降幅度更大。本文不仅拓展了中国税收归宿相关文献的研究视角,丰富了个人所得税经济后果这一支文献,且也有助于更为全面认识个人所得税的收入分配效应,对相关制度改革有一定的借鉴意义。     

浅谈新税法下个人所得税税收筹划

随着我国市场经济的发展,个人所得税已经成为我国现行税法体系中的重要税种之一。本文针对实际工作中员工的工资薪金所得和全年一次性奖金进行了税收筹划,在员工收入总额一定的情况下,使税负降至最低,使员工税后收入达到最大化。税收筹划可以维护纳税人的合法权益,纳税人具有依法纳税的义务,同时也有税收筹划的权利。在收入一定的条件下,少纳税,就意味着纳税人可支配收入的提高,纳税人在法律许可的范围内进行税收筹划,有利于维护自身的合法权益。     

税收公平原则对我国个横制度的改革与完善

税收公平原则是税法的基本准则，也是公平这一社会基本理念在税法中的具体体现，我们认为实现税收的公平是促进社会公平的关键之一，特别是个人所得税这种直接税，我国的个人所得税开征之时就以调节收入差距为目的。但其对税收公平原则的体现不够充分，尤其在贫富差距日浙悬殊的今天，对收入的调节力度显得不足。本文力图找到我国个人所得税法在体现税收公平原则方面的差距性，并针对这些差距提出作者的完善和改革建议。     

居民养老保险对老年人劳动供给的影响北大核心

本文运用断点回归方法,研究了城乡居民养老保险对老年人劳动供给的影响.研究发现居民养老保险:(1)显著减少了老年人的每周工作时间,使断点附近获得养老保险金的群体要比未获得养老保险金的群体每周少工作5.32小时;(2)对女性劳动供给的影响要比男性更显著;(3)在2011年,对老年人劳动供给的影响并不显著,而在2013年和2015年随着养老保险给付水平的上升则陆续产生了显著的影响.进一步研究表明,对于收入水平较低或者预算约束越紧的群体,养老保险对其劳动供给的影响更加显著,即政策福利的主要受益者为经济状况较差的人群.这符合政策初衷,体现了社会的公平价值.这些发现对优化养老保险政策具有参考价值.     

行为助推对纳税遵从的促进效应研究

税收遵从是税收治理的重要组成部分。本文通过设计一项随机实地实验，探讨行为助推干预对股权转让所得个人所得税税收遵从的影响，并比较信息助推、道德助推和威慑助推3种助推方式的有效性。实验结果表明，行为助推能够显著提升纳税人的税收遵从度，使纳税人的纳税申报率增加约一倍，但不同类型的行为助推产生的影响并没有显著差异，在基准提醒信息基础上凸显道德信息和威慑信息不会产生额外的促进作用。基于分组回归和因果森林的异质性分析发现，道德助推产生了最多的负面效应，对纳税主体的税收遵从产生适得其反的影响，不同类型的行为助推在具有不同可观测特征的纳税主体间存在异质处理效应。成本效益分析表明，行为助推能够有效增加政府的税收收入，是一种成本效益极高的干预方式。本文的发现对我国的税收征管体制改革有着重要的借鉴意义，能够对提高税收遵从度和降低征纳成本提供实践指导。     

医院职工个人所得税的纳税筹划策略分析

对个人所得税进行纳税筹划,不仅有利于纳税人纳税意识的增强、为纳税人自身利益提供保障,还有利于国家税收制度的完善。文章对医院职工基本工资、绩效工资以及劳务报酬个人所得税的纳税筹划方式进行探讨,进一步研究符合税收优惠政策的医院职工个人所得税纳税优化方案,对于职工收入增加及税负减轻具有积极意义,可为职工经济利益提供保障。     

公平原则下的个人所得税税制改革

税收的重要功能包括为政府筹措财政收入和调节收入分配两个方面,其蕴含的本质即征税的效率和公平.归结到涉及每个纳税人切身利益的个人所得税,人们更关心征税的公平问题.我国的个人所得税确立了由分类课征向综合与分类相结合课征过渡的改革方向.就公平性而言,综合课征制比分类课征制更具优势.     

完善与健全调控个人收入分配税收体系

运用税收杠杆对城市居民收入进行调节,是国家参与国民收入分配与再分配主要手段。税收在对城市居民收入进行调节过程中,一般以个人所得税担当重任,它已经成为地方税收体系中不可缺少的重要税种．个人所得税具有确保收入增长、公平税负,促进经济发展“内在稳定器”的作用。而随着经济与社会发展,税收对个人收入调控作用将进一步显现,因此,完善与健全个人收入分配税收体系,已成为当务之急。     

新税法下工资薪金个人所得税的纳税筹划

随着经济的发展,人们的收入也在不断提高,尽管新的税法已经不断提高税收起征点,但是越来越多的人还是成为了个人所得税的纳税人。为了维护自身的利益,怎么样在增加薪资的情况下尽可能的减轻税负是研究税收筹划的根本目的。     

巧用税收筹划为你省钱

税收筹划不仅是一种合理、合法行为,受国家政策的保护并得到政府 鼓励,更关键的是进行税收筹划可以为您省下白花花的银子—— 税收筹划是指纳税人在既定的税法和税制框架内,在不违背税收立法精神 的前提下,在存在多种纳税疗案时进行优化选择,以减轻税负的经济行为。依 法纳税是纳税人应尽的义务,相对地,依法进行税收筹划也是纳税人应有的权利。 各种税种的筹划与会计处理方法的选择有着密切的联系,尤其是所得税纳 税筹划与会计处理方法的选择关系更为密切。以下是笔者在工作实践中,对所 得税、增值税和个人所得税的税收筹划方案,企业可以根据自己的实际情况进 行选择。     

商业银行税务风险评估的实证分析

随着我国金融行业的飞速发展,商业银行所面临的税收压力越来越大,商业银行的管理层开始日益关注税务风险。税务风险有2种表现形式,即税负过重和税收处罚。根据15家上市商业银行2008～2010年的财务数据,构建了税负预警模型;采用税负对比法,对商业银行的税务风险进行了评估。分析结果表明,商业银行的营业税税务风险变化不大,但是企业所得税税负过重的商业银行有增多趋势。同时通过回归分析得出:营业收入、营业支出、营业税及附加、企业所得税对盈利综合税负有不同程度的影响。     

Latente Steuern und Earnings Management

On the one hand deferred income taxes can be used for earnings management for external reporting purposes by itself. On the other hand deferred income taxes can indicate earnings management in other accounting areas, fraud and aggressive tax management. Empirical research was able to identify the usefulness of information provided by sundry components of the reported income tax expense for users of financial statements. In particular, the German literature concerning financial statement analysis underestimates the value of this information. This paper critically reviews empirical research and draws conclusions for financial statement analysis and for future studies in this area.     

有效税率、投资与经济增长:来自中国数据的经验实证

本文测算了我国劳动、资本和消费的有效税率,以反映这三种要素的真实负担情况,然后,利用结构VAR模型分别研究三种税率的结构性冲击对投资和经济增长的动态影响。结果表明:消费支出有效税率的正冲击对投资率和经济增长率的影响程度最大,短期内有利于投资率的增加,长期来看有利于经济增长;劳动收入有效税率的正冲击对投资率和经济增长率的影响,短期效应为正,长期效应为负;对资本收入征税,短期内不利于投资率和经济增长率的提高,长期来看具有一定的正效应,但是影响程度相对较小。因此,我国税收政策调整的中长期目标应尽量选择以消费支出为税基,以促进经济的长期快速增长。     

INCOME AND WEALTH CONCENTRATION IN SPAIN FROM A HISTORICAL AND FISCAL PERSPECTIVE

This paper presents series on top shares of income and wealth in Spain using personal income and wealth tax return statistics. Top income shares are highest in the 1930s, fall sharply during the first decade of the Franco dictatorship, then remain stable and low till the 1980s, and have increased since the mid 1990s. The top 0.01% income share in Spain estimated from income tax data is comparable to estimates for the United States and France over the period 1933–1971. Those findings, along with a careful analysis of all published tax statistics, suggest that income tax evasion and avoidance among top income earners in Spain was much less prevalent than previously thought. Wealth concentration has been about stable from 1982 to 2005 as surging real estate prices have benefited the middle class and compensated for a slight increase in financial wealth concentration in the 1990s. We use our wealth series and a simple model to analyze the effects of the wealth tax exemption of stocks for owners‐managers introduced in 1994. We show that the reform induced substantial shifting from the taxable to tax exempt status, hence creating efficiency costs. (JEL D31, H31, O15)     

基于低碳视角的政府监管与制造商生产的演化博弈研究

政府制定的监管政策对制造商生产策略的选择具有重要影响。本文基于低碳视角，引入政府碳税系数、补贴系数、低碳产品生产成本等参数，针对税收与补贴混合政策、单一税收政策和单一补贴政策三种模式，分别建立了政府与制造商之间决策行为的演化博弈模型，对比分析了不同监管政策下政府和制造商达到均衡所需条件的差异，并进一步探讨了影响政府、制造商决策的关键因素。研究结果表明，当初始生产低碳产品的制造商比例相同时，政府实施混合政策比单一税收政策或补贴政策对制造商生产低碳产品的激励作用更加明显。政府监管与政府低碳税收、高碳产品罚款和监管成本有关，制造商生产低碳产品受到产品成本、收益的影响。研究结论不仅为政府制定低碳产品政策提供了科学依据，也为制造商选择低碳产品策略给予了决策支撑。     

Grenzen und Erweiterungsmöglichkeiten der investitionsneutralen Besteuerung nach dem ökonomischen Gewinn

We analyse the the concept of economic income taxation with regard to investment neutrality and the ability to pay principle. We build a bridge between the sum of economic incomes, net present value and the sum of total cash flows. Further it is shown, that the use of economic income for the evaluation of tax systems is distorted by two effects, the interest effect and a so called time-window effect. As to mitigate these effects we propose to include the net present value in the tax base. We apply both concepts to the field of neutrality based effective tax rates on the one hand and we discuss their limits under realistic circumstances on the other hand. In both cases our concept provides at least better results than those achieved under the traditional economic income concept.     

The Redistributive Effects of the Tax Wedge in Italy

Abstract. This paper presents an original data set of microdata on the tax wedge in Italy, obtained by using the microsimulation model ITAXMOD, developed at ISPE (Institute for Studies on Economic Planning). These data are used to measure the components of the tax wedge and their burden on the total cost of labour at the individual level. The results have been aggregated across income brackets, socio-economic groups and sectors of employment. These data are the necessary preliminary input for any redistributive analysis and in addition they make the available data for Italy comparable with those of other countries. Scant attention has been paid up to now to the redistributive aspects of the tax wedge, since most analyses are based on the income of the “average production worker” which is far from an ideal standard for comparison. The computation of the tax wedge for different brackets of total labour cost has been explored in two ways. The first is related to the differing weights of the components of the tax wedge on cost of labour and no particular hypothesis has been made about the incidence of these components. The results show that the burden of personal income taxation and of social security contributions is very high even for wage-earners in the lowest brackets (in 1992, the estimated tax wedge is more than 44% of total labour cost even in the second decile of the labour cost). That might discourage both labour supply and labour demand across the entire spectrum of deciles of cost of labour. The second line of research studies the incidence of personal income taxes and employees' social security contributions on gross earnings, under the maintained hypothesis that these two components of the tax wedge are shouldered by the employees.     

Equitable Taxation and the Provision of Health Insurance Subsidies

Current U.S. income tax laws allow many taxpayers to exclude from taxable income part or all of the cost of acquiring health insurance through an employer‐sponsored benefit plan. This favorable tax treatment generally applies regardless of whether the employer or employee actually pays the health insurance premiums. We describe the effects of this tax policy on the U.S. tax system's horizontal and vertical equity. We also explain how taxpayers covered by employer‐sponsored plans are significantly subsidized by the government in acquiring health insurance, whereas taxpayers who acquire health insurance by other means or who are not covered by health insurance at all receive no such government assistance. We conclude that any prospective health‐care policy initiatives, including modifications to the 2010 health‐care reforms, should contemplate both the horizontal and vertical equity of the tax treatment of health insurance premiums.     

所得税优惠与中国上市公司的财务保守行为

为探讨税率、税基和税额优惠对中国上市公司财务保守行为的影响,建立了产品市场竞争条件下税率、税基和税额优惠影响融资行为的数学模型,以中国上市公司2001年～2005年数据为样本,以法定税率作为税率优惠的替代变量,以修正的实际税率作为税基和税额优惠的替代变量,使用LOGIT回归分析,在一个统一的框架内检验不同形式的税收优惠对财务保守行为的影响,使不同形式的税收优惠与融资行为的关系更明确,同时较好地克服了回归分析中的内生性问题.研究结果表明,较少的税基和税额优惠是导致上市公司财务保守的重要原因,而税率优惠对上市公司是否财务保守影响不大,该结论对于更好地发挥企业所得税优惠政策的经济调控功能有重要的指导意义.     

Steuerfreiheit von Gewinnen aus der Ver?u?erung von Kapitalgesellschaftsanteilen durch nat��rliche Personen?

Subject of this article is the question for the taxation of capital gains of holdings in corporations, in which tax effects are reduced. Thereby tax effects are explicated under realistic uncertainty. Under realistic uncertainty tax effects are possible in case of taxation of capital gains, but not mandatory. Furthermore the analysis shows that for capital gains from concealed reserves each form of taxation will entail tax effects. This also applies to tax exemption. In the case of capital gains from profit reserves in the applicable corporate income tax system, tax exemption of capital gains from profit reserves and immediate write-off of profit reserves itself evoke tax effects. In the current corporate tax system only the distribution induced write-down of a shareholding to going concern value reduces tax effects. Nevertheless, this only applies to personal corporations, for public corporations tax effects have to be accepted. Beyond the valid tax system, tax effects must also be expected in a tax system, in which the corporate tax is integrated in the income tax and in which capital gains from profit reserves are tax-exempt. In comparison, the Dual Income Tax as proposed by the German Council of Economic Experts is a better solution for the problem of tax effects caused by the tax exemption of capital gains.