产品优惠券价值的框架效应研究

以现有产品和改进型新产品为研究对象,通过实验方法分析不同折扣方式对优惠券价值效应的影响,以此对新产品优惠券价值的框架效应进行实证研究.研究结果表明,优惠券价值的不同展现形式对优惠券价值效应有调节作用.针对现有产品,对低档产品的估计价格没有显著差别,对高档产品有显著差异,适合采用金额折扣方式;对于有形产品和服务产品.两者都更适合比例折扣形式;针对新产品,框架效应更为显著,低档新产品更适合提供比例折扣优惠券.高档新产品金额折扣的高估价反而会增强购买意愿;对于有形新产品的估计价格没有显著差异,而服务新产品使用比例折扣时购买意愿更高.研究结果对指导企业管理实践具有重要参考价值.     

技术不确定下新产品引进策略的设计和应用

产业技术的动态发展和企业之间的产品竞争影响企业新产品的引进策略,决定新产品的引进周期和产品质量.在产业技术动态不确定的条件下构建随机动态规划模型,基于产业技术进步和产品市场竞争的影响因素作用,探讨企业进行新产品引进的最优时间策略和最优产品质量选择,对新产品引进的周期和质量决策进行方法设计和应用举例.利用随机动态规划模型得出新产品引进的最优时间周期和产品质量,用算例分析技术进步和技术不确定性对企业引进周期策略的影响,采取策略迭代的方法进行求解,发现技术进步较快时企业的新产品引进步伐也较快,技术不确定使企业的新产品引入步伐加快、产品周期缩短,企业进行新产品开发需要更多的投资.     

企业新产品如何成功上市

随着消费者需求的不断变化、科学技术的日新月异、市场竞争的日趋激烈，产品的市场生命周期越来越短，老产品不断被新产品所取代。为了维持企业的生存和企业的持续发展，企业必须不断开发并向市场推出满足消费者需要的新产品，来谋求企业不断发展的机会，提高企业在市场上的竞争力。但我国每年有大量的新产品上市，其中成功上市的新产品却不到5％。因此，要保证企业新产品成功上市应做好以下几方面的工作。     

基于需求转移的易逝性产品最优动态定价策略

本文针对易逝性产品中新产品对老产品需求的转移作用,应用收入管理方法得出老产品的最优动态定价策略,并应用最大凹向包络理论给出了简化算法的方法.数值算例表明在存在需求转移的情况下,应更早的提供较低的价格.最后作者给出了包含生产和定价的综合模型.     

炫耀性产品品牌策略：品牌延伸或新品牌？

企业在推出炫耀性产品时，可以采用两种品牌策略：品牌延伸或新品牌。为分析企业的炫耀性产品品牌策略，通过博弈论本文建立了无新产品、品牌延伸和新品牌三种模型，并得到了垄断情形与竞争情形下企业在不同品牌策略下的最优定价和利润。研究发现：在垄断情形下，企业总是采用品牌延伸策略。而在面临企业竞争时，如果消费者对地位身份不敏感，则企业选择不推出新产品；如果消费者对身份地位敏感，则当创建新品牌成本较小时，企业采用新品牌策略，否则企业选择放弃推出新产品。此外，一定条件下，企业推出新品牌会增加竞争对手的利润。     

卖空限制、意见分歧与IPO溢价

以2001～2007年的IPO公司为样本,以分析师对IPO上市首日价格预测的离散程度和上市首日换手率衡量投资者之间的意见分歧,研究在严格卖空限制下,意见分歧程度的大小是否影响IPO溢价.研究结果表明,分析师对上市首日价格预测的离散程度越大,上市首日换手率越高,IPO溢价程度越高;分析师预测的乐观极限越高,IPO溢价程度越高.     

从产品策略谈企业经营

<正> 对于企业经营者而言,正确选择企业的产品发展策略,是产品决策最关键的内容,产品的开发关系着企业的投资方向和生产行为。下面我们以三个方面来谈一下企业的产品策略。 一、开发新产品,企业通过新产品的开发在一定程度上有利于提高企业市场竞争能力,获得竞争优势地位。新产品的开发并不意味着对老产品的完全抛弃,这就要弄清楚产品开发的内容:①整顿老产品。通过对老产品的整顿,消除其不良性能,从而带动企业管理、技术和销售战     

策略型消费者创新感知与产品定价换代策略研究

科学技术迅猛发展促使厂商频繁推出创新型产品以抢占市场份额,产品定价和换代策略成为厂商经营成败的重要因素。本文在产品技术创新视角下构建双寡头厂商三阶段产品最优定价与换代决策模型,结合效用函数和博弈分析方法从同质产品市场拓展为异质产品市场,求解出单品换代策略及共生换代策略下新品上市时点和旧产品退出市场时点的显示解,并通过仿真模拟探讨产品技术创新水平、消费者创新感知度对最优产品定价和换代策略的影响。研究表明产品技术创新水平和消费者创新感知度对厂商产品定价和换代策略有重要影响。同质产品市场下,市场潜在需求越大,产品初始定价越高。厂商面临内外部产品竞争时,市场潜在需求较小且两代产品处于共生状态下,为减弱内部竞争新旧产品最优定价差距不大;当市场潜在需求较大,厂商新品定价由技术创新水平决定,消费者技术创新感知值越高,新品定价越高,反之越低。当厂商技术创新水平处于劣势时,两厂商技术创新水平差距越大,劣势厂商越应提早退出市场。     

公开或隐藏未来市场价格对新品预售的影响研究

预售是新产品上市前，商家允许消费者提前预定产品的一种销售手段。本文以新产品预售为背景，建立了商家同时销售新旧两代产品时的预售模型，先对消费者最优购买策略进行了分析，在此基础上，分两种情况，即商家在预售阶段公开或隐藏新品未来市场价格，研究了商家最优预售价格折扣和最优订购量。最后，通过数值仿真分析了影响新品预售策略和商家收益的一些因素。结果表明，商家在预售阶段公开新品未来市场价格可以获得更高期望收益。     

价格、时间敏感需求下的供应链价格与交付期管理

本文以一个两阶段MTO供应链系统为背景.研究了当系统面临价格、时间敏感需求,且产品间具有替代性时的供应链价格与交付期决策问题.构建了相关决策模型并对模型的最优性进行了分析.通过数值算例,探讨了市场竞争环境变化对最优决策的影响.这些研究工作为供应链企业在价格、时间敏感市场上竞争提供了有益的理论指导.     

Managing Product Rollovers

We study the product rollover strategy decision, where a firm decides whether to phase out an old generation of a product to be replaced by a new with either a dual or single roll. Our model considers a final build of the old product and preannouncement of the new, and incorporates dynamic pricing and inventory decisions. We find that the optimal price path closely follows changes in reservation price curves for the two products over time. We also identify the drivers of the rollover strategy decision, finding that lower market risk (faster diffusion, higher market responsiveness to preannouncements) and higher performance improvement for the new generation are associated with the single roll strategy.     

焕新计划下考虑消费者细分的产品定价策略

焕新计划是生产商为提升自身竞争优势而推出的一种促销手段，加入焕新计划的消费者在第一阶段可以享受全方位服务，在第二阶段可以享受以旧换新抵扣优惠。消费者将权衡加入焕新计划的费用、服务水平以及抵扣力度等因素决策是否在第一阶段加入焕新计划。本文假设时尚型消费者每阶段都会购买最新产品，而节俭型消费者第一阶段购买产品后在第二阶段继续使用，针对这两类消费者在实施焕新计划和不实施焕新计划两种情况下，构建两阶段模型以决策产品的最优定价；运用解析方法分析了产品的生产成本等参数对最优定价的影响；运用解析方法和数值算例方法对两模型进行对比。     

Optimal Price and Quantity of Refurbished Products

Many retail product returns can be refurbished and resold, typically at a reduced price. The price set for the refurbished products affects the demands for both new and refurbished products, while the refurbishment and resale activities incur costs. To maximize profit, a manufacturer in a competitive market must carefully choose the proportion of returned products to refurbish and their sale price. We model the sale, return, refurbishment, and resale processes in an open queueing network and formulate a mathematical program to find the optimal price and proportion to refurbish. Examination of the optimality conditions reveals the different situations in which it is optimal to refurbish none, some, or all of the returned products. Refurbishing operations may increase profit or may be required to relieve a manufacturing capacity bottleneck. A numerical study identifies characteristics of the new product market and refurbished products that encourage refurbishing and some situations in which small changes in the refurbishing cost and quality provoke large changes in the optimal policy.     

Optimal Pricing of Two Successive‐Generation Products with Trade‐in Options under Uncertainty

To entice consumers to purchase both current and next generation products, many manufacturers and retailers offer trade‐in programs that allow buyers of the first generation product to trade‐in the product and purchase the new generation product at a lower price. By considering the interactions between “forward‐looking” consumers and a firm when a trade‐in program is offered, we analyze a two‐period dynamic game to determine the optimal prices of two successive‐generation products in equilibrium, and examine the conditions under which trade‐in programs are beneficial to the firm. Our model incorporates market heterogeneity (valuation of the first generation product varies among the consumer population), product uncertainty (the incremental value of the new product is uncertain before its introduction), and consumers' forward‐looking behavior (consumers take future product valuation and prices into consideration when making purchasing decisions). With the trade‐in option, we show that consumers are willing to pay a price that is higher than their valuations of the current product. Furthermore, trade‐in programs are more beneficial to the firm when: (i) the durability of the current product is high; (ii) the market heterogeneity is low; or (iii) the uncertainty level (or the expected incremental value) of the new product is high. Finally, when the incremental value of the new product is more uncertain, consumers are more willing to purchase the current product because of the “option” value of the trade‐in programs and thus trade‐in programs can be more beneficial to the firm in this case.     

动态竞争环境下的产品保证管理最优控制策略研究

产品保证与产品质量和价格密切相关,在动态变化的市场环境中,如何通过产品保证优化管理实现保证政策与产品质量和价格三者的均衡,对扩大产品市场占有率、提高企业利润有重要作用.对国内外关于产品保证优化管理的研究进行总结,着重分析当前研究存在的问题,在此基础上提出动态市场竞争环境下企业保证管理的最优控制模型,通过引入市场竞争变量构建产品销售率函数,综合考虑市场竞争环境下产品保证与产品质量和价格的动态变化关系;采用极大值原理对该模型进行求解,并对最优解的参数和变化规律进行详细的分析讨论;应用灵敏度分析验证相关的分析结论,评估时间、市场变量和成本结构等参数对最优解的影响,并有针对性地提出具有指导性的管理建议.     

Pricing Decisions During Inter‐Generational Product Transition

How should companies price products during an inter‐generational transition? High uncertainty in a new product introduction often leads to extreme cases of demand and supply mismatches. Pricing is an effective tool to either prevent or alleviate these problems. We study the optimal pricing decisions in the context of a product transition in which a new‐generation product replaces an old one. We formulate the dynamic pricing problem and derive the optimal prices for both the old and new products. Our analysis sheds light on the pattern of the optimal prices for the two products during the transition and on how product replacement, along with several other dynamics including substitution, external competition, scarcity, and inventory, affect the optimal prices. We also determine the optimal initial inventory for each product and discuss a heuristic method.     

Optimal Policies for Selling New and Remanufactured Products

Because of environmental and economic reasons, an increasing number of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) nowadays sell both new and remanufactured products. When both products are available, customers will buy the one that gives them a higher (and non‐negative) utility. Thus, if the firm does not price the products properly, then product cannibalization may arise and its revenue may be adversely impacted. In this paper, we study the pricing problem of a firm that sells both new and remanufactured products over a finite planning horizon. Customer demand processes for both new and remanufactured products are random and price‐sensitive, and product returns (also called cores) are random and remanufactured upon receipt. We characterize the optimal pricing and manufacturing policies that maximize the expected total discounted profit. If new products are made‐to‐order (MTO), we show that when the inventory level of remanufactured product increases, the optimal price of remanufactured product decreases while the price difference between new and remanufactured products increases; however, the optimal selling price of new product may increase or decrease. If new products are made to stock (MTS), then the optimal manufacturing policy is of a base‐stock policy with the base‐stock level decreasing in the remanufactured product inventory level. To understand the potential benefit in implementing an MTO system, we study the difference between the value functions of the MTO and MTS systems, and develop lower and upper bounds for it. Finally, we study several extensions of the base model and show that most of our results extend to those more general settings.     

考虑产能约束的新产品与旧产品预售策略研究

预售商品种类繁多，可分为从未上市过的新产品和已经上市过旧产品。面对不同类型的产品，根据消费者效用理论，消费者可能做出不同的决策。研究在产能约束的前提下，零售商销售不同类型产品的最优预售策略问题。结果表明，新产品的最优预售策略取决于正常销售价格，旧产品的最优预售策略受正常销售价格与消费者构成的共同影响，且前者的影响作用大于后者。较低的正常销售价格或较大的高估值消费者比例增大了消费者在正常销售期购买的缺货风险，零售商应采取溢价预售策略，否则应采取折价预售策略。此外将新产品和旧产品的最优预售策略对比发现，利用消费者对产品估值的不确定性，新产品预售比旧产品预售更具优势。     

考虑重复购买因素的品牌竞争对新产品扩散的影响研究——基于小世界网络的仿真环境

在对品牌竞争影响要素分析的基础上，考虑重复购买在新产品扩散过程中的调节效应，构建以消费者微观采纳机制为核心的新产品扩散的阈值模型，在小世界网络仿真情境下，运用多智能仿真方法对品牌竞争与新产品扩散之间的影响关系进行分析，研究结果表明：转换成本对新产品扩散的速度和深度的影响存在一定的"条件区域"，在该区域之外两者不存在显著的影响关系；进入时间与两种竞争性品牌的扩散速度存在一致的负向的影响关系，而对两种竞争性品牌的扩散深度的影响方向则相反；在此过程中，重复购买系数起着一定的调节效应，会在一定程度上放大或缩小转换成本及进入时间对新产品扩散的影响效应。通过本文的研究，不仅可以进一步丰富和完善竞争性产品创新扩散的相关理论，也可以为企业的新产品推广实践提供决策支持。