少数民族地区水电移民安置的特殊性问题——来自四川少数民族移民的调查

西部水电资源的开发使少数民族移民问题日益突出,政策与实践的不匹配集中体现了现行政策框架未充分考虑少数民族的特殊性。目前水电移民研究多集中于移民安置补偿、扶持政策、利益分配等一般理论与实践层次,尚缺乏针对少数民族地区水电移民特殊性的深入研究。本文欲通过对少数民族地区水电移民安置特殊性问题的分析及探讨,旨在探求适应其发展的相应政策和途径,真正实现少数民族地区资源、人和社会的和谐发展,从而促进我国西部水电资源的可持续开发。     

广西水库移民与生态移民比较研究

广西是我国的移民大省(区)。生态移民和水库移民是广西两种最主要的移民类型。其二者之间既有区别,又存在诸多共同点。正确地分析和认识这种区别与共同点,进而揭示其相互之间的联系,对于今后进一步做好广西的移民工作,具有一定的现实意义。     

香港对新移民的管理和安置

与复杂的跨国网络与跨界互动相比,公民身份却划分了清晰的边界.香港回归中国主权后,对其公民身份的类别划分带来了极大的挑战.依照香港基本法中对居留权的定义,很大一部分--近一百六十七万人--可以享有这个权利,反映出香港与内地的跨界社会关系有着复杂历史.尽管香港与内地的社会和经济高度统一,但其边界仍然严格限制了人口从内地向香港流动.这种既统一又分离的状况导致了一种复杂的对立,部分地反映在关于居留权的争论.即使那些已经成功移民香港的内地居民也面临着各种挑战,其中最严峻的是怎样在香港这样一个住房价格最高的城市中获得可以负担的住所.因为新移民无法申请公营房屋,但这些房屋却占香港房屋总数的一半.而其私人住房的价格又是世界上最贵的.     

红水河流域汉族移民初探

本文认为 ,自秦汉时期开始有汉族移民进入红水河地区 ,但汉族移民大量进入红水河地区特别是进入红水河腹地是在明清时期。与广西其他地区相比较 ,汉族人口迁入红水河流域的时间较晚 ,规模较小 ,分布也比较散 ,而且很多居住在自然条件较差的崇山峻岭之中 ,多与其他民族杂居。随着汉族移民的迁入 ,在红河水流域的壮族、汉族内部 ,壮汉及其他民族之间形成了独具特色的“民族分层”的文化现象     

三峡库区移民安置中的传统文化保护

中国历史上伟大的水利工程——三峡水库的建设,对调控长江洪水,减少洪涝灾害损失起到重大作用,同时也有利于长江沿岸经济繁荣,促进西部地区经济发展,平衡东西差异。然而,水库的建立,许多风景名胜被淹没,文物古迹被毁坏,政府采取种种措施进行保护,传承千年的库区传统文化又该如何保护呢?     

解决移民问题:关系广西全局发展的一项重大社会工程──对岩滩等八个库区移民安置情况的调查

社会主义建设时期，国家在民族地区开发水电资源而引发的少数民族群体的大批非自愿迁移，是民族问题在新时期的具体表现。以红水河流域为集中分布地的广西大中型水电站库区移民，共有47万人，其中壮、苗、瑶、侗等少数民族移民占78％，由于长期以来库区投入少，扶持力度弱，移民年均收入水平较低，与当地农民人均收入水平差距越来越大，困难越来越多。1985年西津等八个已建水电站库区移民人均年收入是当地农民平均水平的63．45％，1995年仅达56．97％，十年间下降了6．48个百分点，绝对差值由19元扩大到625元。1996年差距进一步扩大，八个老…     

全球化与中国海外移民

全球化是当今世界发展的客观进程 ,是现代经济和高科技发展国际化的历史新阶段。国际移民是全球化过程的重要因素 ,它改变了世界民族的分布 ,促进了不同民族之间的融合 ,也引发了不同民族之间的冲突。自明中叶以后 ,中国人开始较大规模地移居海外 ,它是国际移民的重要组成部分。中国海外移民的族群关系 ,充分反映了全球化过程中引发的一些民族问题     

水电站库区移民安置问题应引起重视

编辑同志: 广西红水河岩滩、大化两个电站,位于河池地区境内,淹浸耕地7.8万多亩,涉及5个县、22个乡镇、79个行政村、1248个村民组、20294户、198个企事业单位,共9.16万人,其中需要搬迁移民4.5万人,还有森林、公路、桥梁、输电、电讯线路和小水电等资源设施受到损失和不同程度的影响。几年来,移民安置工作取得了一定的成绩,但也存在一些困难和问题,亟待解决。     

论生态移民与民族地区现代化

发展是民族地区的主要任务,而生态保护则是民族地区和整个中华民族的长远利益所在。民族地区强烈的发展要求可能导致自然资源的掠夺式开发,造成这一地区脆弱的生态进一步恶化;生态保护则构成民族地区经济发展的一个重要约束条件。本文通过对二者关系的梳理,探讨"退耕还林"、"退牧还草"工程实施后,民族地区的产业发展、城镇建设和生态保护的协调问题。     

安置效果差异及其原因——L站与W站的移民安置类型比较

通过对L站和W站两个不同安置类型的比较,发现宏观经济背景、地方政府的发展理念、项目与地方经济的关系及其项目办工作人员的工作态度影响着移民安置的效果.而地方的发展理念和工作人员的态度,不仅受"大传统"的影响,也可能受地方的"小传统"的影响.     

伦理传承与法治推进：共同体理念下民族地区和谐劳动关系的双重保障

民族地区劳动关系的和谐发展是中华民族共同体建设的重要内容,二者在经济、文化和社会等方面密切相关。民族地区的市场性、区域性与传承性,使得其劳动关系的和谐发展需要经济伦理和法治机制双重保障。经济伦理是经济活动传承性的写照,从内部支持和保障民族地区劳动关系的和谐发展,法治则是其外部保障。在中华民族共同体理念下,唯有重视伦理传承与法治推进双重保障的互补与统一,才能有效构建民族地区和谐劳动关系。     

多元文化主义视阈下的少数民族权利问题

历史地看,多元文化主义一开始就与少数民族争取平等权利的要求密切相关。当前关于多元文化主义与少数民族权利的研究有两个特点,一是并不严格区分多元文化主义的不同维度;二是往往把多元文化主义仅视为少数民族的权利理论,没有从多民族国家构建的角度理解多元文化主义的重要意义。本文认为,多元文化主义至少存在于事实、理论、意识形态、政策和价值理念五个维度,每个维度下的"少数民族权利"都呈现出不同的面相,具有不同的意义和效果。少数民族权利保护与多民族国家构建是同一个历史过程的两个方面。多元文化主义不仅仅是少数民族的权利理论,它也是多民族国家构建的重要理论支点。     

论我国民族事务管理法治化的构建

由国家民委主持编制的《民族法制体系建设“十二五”规划》明确将依法管理民族事务作为我国民族法制建设的一项主要任务,对于推进“依法治国”、“法治政府”目标的实现,完善民族法制建设,促进各民族共同繁荣具有重要意义.在当前形势下,健全民族事务管理的组织体系和工作机制,实施立法后评估制度,加强相关制度建设,建立民族纠纷和涉及民族方面群体性、突发性事件的应对机制,强化监督检查和问责制度是推进我国民族事务管理法治化的有力措施.     

论民族关系调控中的社会环境建设

社会环境建设是实现民族关系有效调控的重要条件。建立和完善有利于形成平等、团结、互助、和谐的民族关系调控机制,要求在动态发展中充分考虑到社会环境建设中的种种问题,着力加强民主法治建设,兼顾民族平等与经济效率,妥善管理人口迁移,努力营造民族团结的社会氛围,积极推进西部大开发。本文从五个方面对民族关系调控中应切实解决和妥善处理的问题作了初步的分析。     

关于民族教育立法的思考

民族教育是我国整个教育事业的重要组成部分,也是民族工作的重要内容。新中国成立以来,我国的民族教育法制建设取得了巨大的成就,保障和促进了我国民族教育事业的发展。但是,从总体上看,民族教育法制建设还落后于民族教育自身的发展,现有的民族教育法规已远远不能满足民族教育发展的需要。因此,加强民族教育的立法工作,是当前发展我国民族教育的当务之急,是实现民族教育跨越式发展的关键之举。     

The specifics of Balkan ethnic identity construction: ethnicisation of localities

This article analyses specifics of the process of ethnic identity formation in the Balkans in some comparison with Western European national identity construction. It ascertains that Balkan nationalism is based not on assimilation of local communities into the national whole as in the West but on dissolution of local communities by constructing out of them ethnic communities. Ethnicity construction was born from a severe rivalry around which one of the ethnic definitions would be imposed on a single local group. The article concludes that civic vs. ethnic models of nation-formation are applicable for the region.     

坚持和优化民族政策与民族地区和谐社会构建

制定和实施民族政策是促进我国少数民族和民族地区发展的重要保障,坚持和优化民族政策是加快民族地区和谐社会构建的重要举措,根据民族地区和谐社会构建的客观要求,加强对民族政策的针对性研究具有重大的现实意义。     

马福龙爱国思想及实践探析

马福龙,现当代著名的回族爱国主义者。他的爱国思想主要表现在:期盼和欢庆宁夏解放;投身新时期国家民族宗教工作的建设;积极从事民族团结工作等。研究马福龙的爱国思想,对当下民族地区开展民族团结和社会建设工作,以及实现中华各民族美好新生活具有启发意义。     

尼泊尔民族宗教问题对西藏南亚大通道建设的影响

西藏南亚大通道建设的提出,是西藏融入"一带一路"建设的重要表现,为中国与南亚相关国家的合作带来了新的机遇,具有重要的现实意义。但是西藏南亚大通道建设沿线国家和地区民族复杂、宗教多元,也面临着诸多民族宗教领域问题的挑战。尼泊尔在西藏南亚大通道建设中的地位特殊,民族宗教因素影响的重要性不容忽视。一方面,要充分发挥尼泊尔国内民族宗教因素的积极作用,助力西藏南亚大通道建设;另一方面,要有效应对和防范尼泊尔民族宗教问题给西藏南亚大通道建设在政治、经济和安全等领域带来的风险。     

西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.