机构投资者持股与企业应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理行为选择

采用异常操控性项目的计算方法度量企业应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理程度,以2003年至2011年中国上市公司为研究样本,构建多元线性回归模型和联立方程模型,考察机构投资者持股对应计盈余管理和真实盈余管理行为选择的影响。研究结果表明,机构投资者持股比例与真实盈余管理程度显著负相关,与应计盈余管理程度显著正相关;对机构投资者明细类别的检验结果发现这种相关关系在投资基金、证券公司、QFII、保险公司和社保基金这5类机构投资者中均存在,但企业年金、信托公司、财务公司和银行持股对盈余管理行为的影响不显著;按照机构投资者持股规模、股权分置改革和终极控制人性质的分组检验结果表明,这种相关关系在不同的内外部环境中均存在,且相对于国有控股上市公司,非国有控股上市公司中机构投资者抑制真实盈余管理行为的作用更强;机构投资者持股与整体盈余管理程度显著负相关。     

基于机构调研的投资决策对盈余管理的影响研究

基于2009年至2018年我国A股上市公司数据，从披露调研信息文本的角度，研究了机构投资者调研信息获取与投资决策的一致性行为对上市公司盈余管理的影响。研究发现，机构投资者的调研信息获取与投资决策的一致性行为，能够减弱上市公司管理层的盈余管理活动，并且该行为对上市公司盈余管理的抑制作用，在非国有、规模较小、信息和法律环境较差的上市公司中更为显著。研究结果表明，机构投资者的调研信息获取与投资决策的一致性行为对上市公司具有积极的外部治理作用，有助于改善上市公司的治理水平。     

机构投资者持股对上市公司盈余管理影响的实证研究

本文以2004-2006年非金融类机构投资者持股的上市公司为样本,实证检验发现机构持股对上市公司盈余管理存在显著正向影响,在控制住盈余管理对机构投资者的影响进行Granger因果关系检验后同样发现,机构投资者对盈余管理的正向作用依然显著。本文进一步实证分析还发现,消极机构投资者持股与盈余管理显著正相关;而积极机构投资者持股与盈余管理微弱负相关。本文研究结果为进一步探讨机构投资者在我国上市公司治理中的作用提供了理论依据和经验支持。     

机构投资者持股与上市公司会计盈余信息关系实证研究

本文从机构投资者持股和上市公司盈余信息关系的视角出发,分析机构投资者在公司治理中的作用。以2000～2003年沪市A股为样本,经过研究发现:盈余信息及时性与机构持股比例正相关。公司治理结构合理,盈余信息及时性强,是吸引机构投资的动因。机构持股比例与盈余管理负相关。机构持股比例越高,越能有效抑制操纵应计利润的盈余管理行为,增强盈余信息真实性,说明机构持股参与公司治理能够改善公司治理结构,使上市公司的经营更加规范、有效。     

机构投资者异质性、投资期限与公司盈余管理

从机构投资者的投资期限与上市公司的会计盈余信息关系视角,分析不同投资期限的机构投资者在公司治理中的作用。使用Gaspar等指标,把机构投资者分为长期机构投资者和短期机构投资者,利用我国上市公司2003-2011年数据,实证检验了机构投资者的投资期限对盈余管理的影响。结果发现:与预期一致,长期机构投资者的持股比例越高,越能体现其公司治理效应,即与盈余管理及正向盈余管理显著负相关;短期机构投资者比例越高,越能体现其投资的短视行为,即与盈余管理及正向盈余管理显著正相关。长期机构投资占优和短期机构投资占优分别体现其公司治理效应和信息交易效应,说明只有长期机构投资者才能参与公司治理、改善公司治理结构。因此,提高长线机构投资者的持股比例和建立长线机构投资者的激励机制才是当务之急。     

应计项目盈余管理还是真实活动盈余管理?——基于我国2007年所得税改革的研究

本文建立了1个基于避税动因的盈余管理方式选择的模型,并结合实证会计3大假说提出了经验研究假设,以2007年所得税改革为背景研究了我国上市公司盈余管理方式的选择问题。结果显示:预期税率上升使公司更倾向于实施真实活动操控的盈余管理,预期税率下降会使公司更倾向于实施应计项目操控的盈余管理;国有控股、公司规模、债务对应计项目操控程度有显著负效应,对真实活动的盈余管理程度有显著正效应;管理层薪酬对负向的应计项目操控有负效应,对正向的应计项目操控和真实活动操控均具有显著的正效应。上述研究丰富了避税动因盈余管理的研究文献,从真实活动操控视角发展了实证会计的3大假说,也对审视我国上市公司的审计和监管具有一定的意义。     

有限合伙协议架构企业的盈余管理之谜：长期导向还是机会主义？

有限合伙协议架构（LP架构）作为企业实现财务资本与人力资本专业化分工的重要控制权创新模式,受到实践者与政策制定者的广泛关注,但学者们对于LP架构经济后果的研究莫衷一是。基于此,本文以信息质量为切入点,利用2011～2021年中国沪深两市A股IPO的非国有上市公司样本,考察LP架构对企业盈余管理的影响。研究结果表明,相比于非LP架构企业,采用LP架构的企业显著增加了向下的应计盈余管理,而真实盈余管理没有明显差异。机制分析发现,LP架构企业通过向下盈余管理减少股利分配,以增加自由现金流和未来的研发投入,而不是出于控股股东资金占用或关联方担保等机会主义动机。进一步分析显示,LP架构对盈余管理的影响在现金流波动较大、风险承担水平偏高、财务业绩较好、有限合伙人来源于内部,以及在股票禁售期内的企业更加显著。最后,本文发现压力抵制型机构投资者持股、分析师跟踪和交易所问询等外部治理机制显著抑制了LP架构企业的盈余管理行为。本文不仅从信息质量角度深化和扩展了LP架构的公司治理效率研究,同时为监管者完善信息披露制度,以及投资者识别LP架构企业价值提供了重要的经验参考。     

机构投资者持股比例与上市公司盈余管理的实证研究

本文分析了机构投资者在完善上市公司治理结构、约束管理层盈余管理中的作用。首先通过管理者与机构投资者的博弈分析发现,当机构持股比例很低时,机构不存在监管意愿,只有当机构持股比例较高时,才会积极地监管盈余管理。其次,以2004-2006年沪深两市的上市公司为样本,通过实证研究发现盈余管理与机构投资者持股之间存在倒U型关系,持股比例13.07%是机构投资者是否有效抑制盈余管理行为的临界值;盈余管理程度与机构股东的数量呈正相关关系,即随着上市公司中机构股东数量的增加,机构的监管效率会下降。     

债权治理与盈余质量:来自中国证券市场的经验证据

以2007-2008年非金融类上市公司为样本,研究了债权治理与盈余质量之间的关系,得到以下研究结论:资产负债率与盈余质量显著负相关,短期资产负债率与盈余质量显著负相关,长期资产负债率与盈余质量呈现出不显著的正相关关系。进一步研究后发现,短期债务融资是引发盈余质量恶化的主要原因,而长期债务融资虽然一定程度上改善了上市公司的盈余质量,但这种效果总的来说并不显著。此外,最终控制人的国有性质加剧了债务契约引发的盈余管理动机,恶化了盈余质量。     

非国有股东治理与国企高管薪酬激励

如何改善国企高管激励机制是新时期全面深化国企改革成败的关键一环。本文以2008～2015年国有上市公司为样本,通过手工收集年报披露的前十大股东性质、持股比例与委派高管的数据,分别从股权结构和高层治理两个维度衡量非国有股东参与国企治理的程度,在此基础上,研究非国有股东治理如何影响国企高管的激励机制。研究发现:首先,单纯的非国有股东持股对高管薪酬业绩敏感性无显著影响,但非国有股东向国有企业委派高管有利于改善国企高管的薪酬业绩敏感性。其次,非国有股东对高管薪酬业绩敏感性的提升作用在竞争性国有企业和处于较低市场化程度地区的国有企业中更加显著。最后,非国有股东委派高管参与国企治理能有效抑制国企高管的超额薪酬和超额在职消费。以上结论表明,混合所有制改革不能仅停留在资本层面的混合,还需确保非国有股东在国企经营管理中具有一定的影响力,才能更好地发挥民营资本的监督和治理作用。     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.