论地理和宗教在藏族丧葬风俗中的作用

为什么全民信仰藏传佛教的藏民族,其丧葬的主要类型不是佛教所推崇的火葬而是天葬,为什么最高级的葬法是塔葬而不是最流行的天葬,为什么土葬的兴衰史与苯教的兴衰史相一致?文章从藏族的地理环境、宗教文化与民族史方面进行了论述,提出了藏民族葬俗双因素决定理论地理环境与宗教交互作用决定了藏民族的葬俗,地理环境在很大程度上抵消了宗教的决定性影响,特别是苯教所推崇的土葬和佛教所推崇的火葬的影响;而宗教又削弱了地理环境对葬俗的限制和束缚.     

谈谈我国少数民族地区丧葬习俗的改革

丧葬是一种宗教性质的社会现象,它同婚姻一样是世界上各民族都具有的习俗。我国是一个多民族的国家,解放前,由于各民族所处的社会发展阶段不同,自然环境和经济活动不同,宗教信仰也有所差异,因此,在丧葬习俗方面形式也是多种多样的。大而言之,可分为土葬、火葬、崖洞葬、悬棺葬、树葬、水葬、天葬(鸟葬)、塔葬等几种形式。然而,即使是同一种丧葬形式当中,却又因民族和地区不同而有所差异。以土葬而言,有的民族实行一     

民和土族丧葬习俗之调查与研究

民和土族的丧葬形式共有土葬、火葬、水葬、天葬四种，以土葬为主。其土葬程序分为备丧、治丧和出丧三个阶段，对年高而葬者兼有闹葬习俗。它们集中反映出土族古老的氏族观念、灵魂观念和巫术观念。     

浅谈藏族丧葬文化

藏族在漫长的历史过程中,先后存在着火葬、石葬、墓葬、天葬、塔葬、灵葬、树葬以及水葬等丧葬形式.由于受到历史、地理与宗教的交互作用,藏族的丧葬仪式逐渐发生变化,形成了有别于其他民族的、独具高原特色的丧葬文化.     

藏族丧葬习俗的人类学分析

藏区的丧葬礼俗类型多样，主要以天葬为主，间有火葬、水葬、土葬、塔葬、二次葬及多次葬中的复合葬等，以及残存的少量楼葬、罐葬、壁葬、野葬等遗俗。藏族丰富的丧葬礼俗作为历史、民族、地域性行为模式，透射出藏族博大精深的文化内涵。不少学者对于藏族丧葬礼俗的研究，多从宗教的角度探入，认为藏族的丧葬习俗是受到宗教信仰的渗透与制控，     

甘孜州藏族土葬习俗初探

在今天四川西部的甘孜藏族自治州内，聚居着五十多万藏族人民，几千年历史的发展，民族的融合，使他们逐渐形成为具有共同语言、共同地域，共同经济生活以及表现在共同文化上的共同心理素质的稳定共同体．和其他民族一样，甘孜州内的藏族也有着独特的风俗习惯。就丧葬来说，有天葬、火葬、土葬、水葬、塔葬等形式。随着社会的发展，自然环境的变化，各民族之间的相互学习和影响，其丧葬形式也在起着变化。本文依照墓葬形制、土葬习俗和系展问题的顺序，试图对甘孜州藏族的土葬习俗作一试探，这对于了解该地区藏民族的风俗习惯，研究甘孜州藏…     

浅析西藏天葬习俗的成因及文化含义

天葬这种独特的习俗与藏族的历史、宗教信仰、生存空间以及青藏高原特殊的地理环境和气候因素息息相关。文章从藏传佛教、藏民族古老的宇宙观和世界观、西藏独特地理环境等方面论述了天葬习俗的成因,简述了天葬所赋予的民俗价值和历史文化意义。     

挪威藏学家派尔克瓦那苯教研究的三篇新作

苯教拯救了佛教在西藏 ,虽然佛教徒占主导地位 ,但仍有不少人信奉苯教。就苯教教义、寺院生活、宗教仪式和修行方法而言 ,初看上去几乎与佛教难以区别。然而 ,佛教徒和苯教徒都认为佛、苯二教是两种完全不同的信仰体系。有关这两种宗教最基本的区别 ,涉及到宗教的权威性和合法性问题。尽管苯教的传播仅限于西藏 ,但苯教徒认为 ,就苯教教义对所有人都具有真实而有效的意义而言 ,苯教是一种世界性宗教。苯教徒还认为 ,正像苯教传统的宇宙观所表达的那样 ,苯教从前在世界的许多地方被传播。因此 ,苯教被称做“永仲苯” ,意即“永恒的宗教”。根…     

试论突厥丧葬风俗的流变

突厥丧葬风俗经历了一个相当复杂的变化过程,一方面其礼仪和习俗事项因层层积累而逐步丰富深厚,另一方面其葬法在树葬、火葬和土葬的转变中参差交错.本文着眼于突厥民族自发轫、兴起至亡国前后数百年的历史跨度,以变化的观点来探讨突厥丧葬在习俗积累、葬法演变两方面的问题和状况.     

论藏民族传统文化与西藏社会主义新文化的构建(下)

西藏传统文化作为从农牧为主的自然经济土壤里生长出来的宗教型、伦理型文化，具有毋庸置疑的优秀成份，但同时存在着不可避免的缺陷。这些缺陷，在进行社会主义现代化建设的过程中发生着广泛的负面影响，成为历史前进的包袱。一、宗教观念与宗教思维中的消极部分在藏民族的历史发展中，对民族文化发生决定性影响的莫过于宗教。因此，沉淀于藏族传统文化深层次的思想观念就是宗教价值观。无论是在奴隶制社会还是封建农奴制社会，藏民族的生活总是与宗教联为一体，密不可分，特别是佛教传人以后，与苯教相融合，使其几乎变成一种生活宗教。藏…     

苯教的现状及其与社会的文化融合

作者在多年实地调查的基础上叙述了苯教的现状、苯教寺院的分布及其历史和文化原因。重点阐释了佛苯两教在显宗方面的融合,尤其是在内道关键教义上的融合完成了这两个宗教在教义上的最终合流,提出了苯教这种与传统藏族社会的主要意识形态的融合和顺应实际上减少了不同文化传统和思想流派之间的摩擦,起到了积极的社会效应的学术观点。     

论吐蕃时期的政治与宗教关系

吐蕃统一奴隶制地方政权的建立,为佛教传入提供了社会的需要和实际的可能,佛教的传入与逐步发展,对吐蕃苯教及传统的社会政治结构形成全面冲击.研究吐蕃时期的政教关系,是认识藏族宗教文化及其与社会历史发展关系的一个重要途径.     

宋代汉藏民间层面宗教文化交流

文章认为,汉藏两族宗教文化交流主要反映在三种层面上：民间层面的渗透影响、学者僧侣层面的交流传播和中央王朝与地方政府官方层面的往来贡赐。文章仅就宋代汉藏两族民间层面宗教文化交流略作考察,至于其他历史时期与其他层面宗教文化交流则另撰文论述。关于宋代汉藏宗教文化交流,学界关注者寥寥无几,至于民间层面宗教文化交流,则更鲜有问津之人。认为宋代汉藏两族宗教文化交流通过民间方式,将汉地的宗法性传统宗教文化、道教文化、佛教文化传递到了周边藏区民间,也将藏传佛教文化、苯教文化和其他藏族宗教习俗传播到了周边汉地民间。汉藏民间层面宗教文化交流有益地推动了学者、僧侣层面和官方层面宗教文化交流的深度和广度,从某种程度上保持和深化了学者、僧侣层面和官方层面宗教文化交流的成果。     

试论苯教的宗教性质及与藏区民间宗教的关系

文章主要对藏区古老的苯教的宗教属性和特征进行分析,认为在历史上,苯教作为一种宗教的名称出现时,其已经形成系统性的宗教体系,所以我们不能将之列为原始宗教。苯教一般被分为两类,即斯巴苯教与雍仲苯教。其中斯巴苯教与民间宗教有密切的关系,为藏区民间宗教的源流之一。     

论藏族民间舞蹈中"俯身体态"的成因

藏族民间舞蹈中俯身体态的形成与藏民族所处的地理环境及其社会演变中的政治历史、宗教信仰、民俗民风和劳作方式及服装等均有一定的联系.它既是藏民族在特殊环境下生产、生活的写照与缩影,也是艺术源自生活、高于生活的反映和必然结晶.     

藏族棋文化的见证——关于在强巴敏久林宫遗址发现的藏族石刻棋盘的学术报告

文章是作者赴墨竹工卡县甲玛乡吐蕃赞普松赞干布出生地强巴敏久林宫遗址,对亲眼所见的藏族石刻棋盘进行调查研究的一篇报告文章。作者通过对藏棋的名称、规则、判定输赢的方法等作的介绍,以及对这块石刻棋盘和有关的藏族历史所作的研究,认为早在佛教传入西藏之前,藏围棋已在藏区广泛流传,是藏区喜闻乐见的一种娱乐活动,并且传播到中国西藏周边国家和地区,具有鲜明的藏民族特点。最后,作者呼吁学者加强对藏棋的研究,并殷切希望各级文物管理部门,加强对珍贵文物的保护,以免这些珍贵文物被倒卖和毁坏。     

贵州喀斯特墓葬与民族地区的殡葬改革

Funeral and interment reform is a social revolution of changing customs and tradi-tions, which is conducive to promoting the con-struction of the socialist material, spiritual and ec-ological civilization. The replacement of burial with cremation is the direction of China’s reform on fu-neral and interment traditions. The reform itself is put forward by aiming at the disadvantages of the Han people’s traditional burial custom, however, Guizhou is a typical karst region in China, in which several forms of karst burial have existed throughout history, such as cliff coffins, cave tombs, and sarcophagi, and these customs have been continued to some certain degree up to now. Therefore, how to manage the relation between cre-mation and karst burials has a significant meaning to the respect of the ethnic minorities’ customs and promoting the funeral and interment reform in eth-nic regions. The Binzang guanli tiaoli ( Funeral and inter-ment management regulations) issued by the State Council in 1997 stipulates that “ the objective of the funeral and interment management is to carry out cremation, reform burial, save the interment land, abolish undesirable customs related to the fu-nerals and interment actively and methodically, and advocate civilized and thrifty funerary prac-tices”. That is to say, the original intentions for promoting cremation in the funeral and interment reform for many years include the advocating of thrifty funerals, reducing the burden of funerals on the masses, changing the people’s concept of luxu-rious burials, and saving the cost of funeral in the aspect of economy;banishing superstitions, getting rid of bad habits, and opposing the feudal dross in the aspect of culture; and saving resources and protecting limited cultivated land in the aspect of ecology. In general, the abolition of burial and im-plementation of cremation has become the reform direction of China’s funeral and interment system. Guizhou is a typical karst area in China. There are various forms of cliff-burying, rock tombs, sarcophagi, and cave tombs etc. , especial-ly the cave-burial which is still popular among the Waishu Miao at Taohua village in Qibo township, Pingba County and among the Qing Yao at Yaolu village in Libo County, and sarcophagus burial which is still popular among the Li clan of the Waishu Miao at Xinyi village in Guangzhao town-ship, Qinglong County. These structures reflect the karst characteris-tics of Guizhou tombs, and have an important eco-logical value. The funeral and interment reform is put forward by aiming at the drawbacks of the tra-ditional burial practices of the Han, so if the cliff burial or sarcophagus tombs which have ecological value had been forced to be replaced with crema-tion in the funeral and interment reform, it will lead to an embarrassing situation which is contrary to the original intention of the reform no matter if we consider it from cultural, economic or ecologi-cal viewpoints. Firstly, it will cause a dilemma at the cultural level. We must consider the characteristics of the funeral customs of the ethnic groups during the process of reforming the funeral and interment cus-toms in the ethnic minority areas, in other words, respect the funeral customs of ethnic minorities, as it is an important content of the CCP and the state’s policy for respecting the customs and habits of eth-nic minorities. Due to the differences in geograph-ical environment and social economy, the ethnic minorities have different funeral customs with their own characteristics. These funeral customs, as a part of ethnic culture, help to construct a ritual with a kind of ethnic identity;it is the mark of na-tional culture, which embodies ethnic emotions and maintains ethnic consciousness. The ‘univer-sal application’ in the funeral and interment sys-tem reform doubtlessly make the disappearance of karst characteristics in Guizhou’s burial culture, the diversified burial way has been replaced with single cremation, and that is not good for the pro-tection of cultural diversity. Secondly, it will cause an economic dilemma. One of the purposes of the funeral and intermentre-form is to save funeral costs, and change the con-cept of organizing luxury funerals. The traditional burial custom contains a set of complex funeral cer-emony, which is organized in a very luxurious way, spend a lot of money and increase the people’s economic burden. In contrast, cremation can save costs. However in today’s rural areas, af-ter cremation, the ashes are still buried after being put into a coffin, so it not only increases the eco-nomic burden of the people, but also does not meet the purpose for farmland conservation, hence, it is contrary to the original intention of the funeral re-form, and also causes dissatisfaction among the people. Therefore, compared with cremation, sar-cophagus and cave burial which are still popular in Guizhou are actually a more economic practice. Thirdly,it causes an ecological dilemma. The purpose of funeral reform is to save resources and protect the limited farmland. The traditional burial practice uses coffins and pile graves, which wastes wood, occupies farmland, and also pollutes the en-vironment. Therefore, the environmental protection is the premise and ultimate goal of the funeral and interment reform. Cave burial in Guizhou uses the natural caves, and does not occupy farmland; sar-cophagus burial does not use wooden coffins, so both of them belong to ecological burial practices. However, the implementation of cremation in the areas which used to conduct cave or sarcophagus-burials has created an embarrassing situation. Cave burial and sarcophagus tombs in Guizhou karst areas contain rich ecological ideas, which not only have positive social and practical significance for the protection of the ecological en-vironment of the area, but also have an important reference meaning for the promotion of “ecological funeral” or green funeral in China. Different ethnic groups and different areas have different forms of funeral customs, which have their own justifications. Therefore, the Fu-neral and Interment reform should adapt to local conditions, and take into the consideration the characteristics of the karst region in the case of Guizhou, and fully draw on the rational factors of ethnic burial. The present funeral and interment reform can take reference from the following three aspects from the ethnic burial culture of Guizhou:The first is to delimit some appropriate burial zones and maintain properly some burial customs which has ecological value. We advocate various forms of burial in these specific burial zones, for instances, tree burial of the Basha Miao in Con-gjiang country, deep burial of the Chang-clan Yao in Libo county, and sarcophagus tombs of Li-clan Waishu Miao in Qinglong County. These forms of burial with ecological protection value not only play an exemplary role for the ecological protection in ethnic regions, but also will help for the ethnic cultural inheritance. The second is to make full use of the natural characteristics of the karst area, and properly en-courage cave burial which does not take up the cul-tivated land. In this way, not only can the cave burial custom of the Yao in Libo and the Washu Miao in Pingba be kept, but also the cliff burial custom which does not take up the cultivated land could be encouraged among the residents in the karst region. This kind of cliff burial not only re-duces the waste of cultivated land, but also re-stricts the superstitious activities in the funeral. The karst area in Guizhou is very extensive, so it has a unique advantage in conducting cave burial. The funeral and interment reform can take the local conditions into consideration, and play up the ad-vantages of natural environment. Instead of empha-sizing cremation blindly, we should take the cave burial into practice. The third is to convert karst caves into ceme-tery for placing ashes so as to change the tradition-al way of building a cemetery on the hill for placing ashes in the cremation areas. In the karst area, if an area is delimited as a cremation zone, then the burial of body or burial of bone ash coffin should be prohibited. Generally, ashes should be deposi-ted in sepulchral chapels or buried in cemeteries. Although most cemeteries are built on barren hills or land, they still occupy land and waste land re-sources. The use of cement and stone materials creates white pollution. Meanwhile, the construc-tion of cemeteries destroys the mountain and causes soil erosion. Therefore, the cemetery is not the di-rection of the funeral and interment reform in the long run, and also does not meet the original inten-tion of the reform.     

藏族传统宗教中的灵魂观念与祖先崇拜

文章主要对藏民族传统宗教即苯教、佛教和民间宗教中的灵魂观念以及早期的祖先崇拜问题进行考析,主要探究藏族灵魂概念在不同时期、不同宗教中所具有的意义和内涵,同时还比较了早期藏族祖先崇拜和后期民间宗教中祖先崇拜的遗存,认为后期的地域神和五守舍神都同早期的祖先崇拜有密切的关系。     

纳西族与藏族的语言接触、宗教互动与文化融合管窥——木里县甲区村纳西东巴文玛尼堆铭文译释

东巴文玛尼堆铭文是中国西南多民族杂居区多种宗教文化交融和语言接触的产物，集中体现了佛教、本教、东巴教兼容并存、相互融合的历史。本铭文文字较多、结构完整、内容丰富，保留了一些人类早期文字的特征和地域性特征，同时补充了纳西东巴文献的材质类型，也是区域多学科研究的重要历史文献资料。     

藏汉民族对土族宗教信仰的影响

土族聚居区处在藏文化圈和汉文化圈的结合地带 ,土族文化是一种典型的连接地带文化。这种文化在保持和发展本民族文化的同时 ,又大量吸收了藏族文化和汉族文化。土族的宗教信仰深受藏、汉民族的影响 ,藏传佛教、汉族民间信仰和萨满教在土族的信仰中均占有重要地位 ,但藏传佛教和汉族民间信仰对不同地区土族的宗教信仰影响程度各有所异。